Existence Precedes Essence Essay

Existence Precedes Essence Essay Existence Precedes Essence According to metaphysics, essence precedes existence. This means that any object, if it has to come into existence its idea should exist in the mind of the creator. For example, if we want to build a house, an idea of how the house will look like, its features and location must take place in our mind; its essence should be there before it can come into existence. However Jean Paul Sartre implies that existence precedes essence in human beings. Sartre believes that the self or body or in other words, the existence comes into being first and then after the human being has entered this world; he defines or makes up his essence or nature by his interaction with the surroundings, people and opportunities around him. According to Sartre, every human being is defined or made essentially by development of his character through his time and interaction with the world and its people. Sartre also argues that because each human being is free to interact and make their own choices, the onus of these choices comes in the form of radical freedom and responsibility. Every human being is responsible for their own actions and its consequences through the decisions that have been made by him. Behavior, whether good or bad cannot be justified by making it a part of a human beings nature or essence (Cline, n.d). People make their own choices and decisions and act accordingly and therefore any results that their actions might bear are the sole responsibility of the qualities that have been developed by that person. According to Sartre, the proverb, as you sow, so shall you reap; defines his main idea of existentialism The implication for this comes to the fact that individually we are responsible for our own actions but collectively as a mankind our actions shape the world around us and the future generations will learn from these and shape their characters or nature. Friedrich Nietzsche also believed that people can only be truly free when they free themselves from religion and faith in God. His famous remark ‘God is dead echoes this ideology. The Christian church preached that all human beings were equal and that the after world was essentially of more importance than the present world, this according to Nietzsche undermined a human beings ability to excel and placed him in the same line as a common individual. He was highly influenced by Darwins theory survival of the fittest and believed that this kind of preaching undermined human beings true potential. According to Nietzsche anything that gave power to man and the will to power to deliver those actions was good and any form of weakness which according to him came by being moral and faithful was bad. In this case, since Christianity instilled in its believers moral values and the spiritual way of living, Nietzsche declared that the only way to achieve true potential and endure pain in t he real world and truly live life was to detach from God (Crowell, 2004) Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs which consists of five levels namely physiological, safety, belonging, esteem and self actualization which is also the highest level of needs a person can achieve (cited in Burger, n.d). This relates to Sartres thesis that human beings exist and then define themselves by developing their nature and interacting with their surroundings. Maslow is essentially saying the same thing that a person who exists in this world moves towards fulfillment of his personal goals through decisions at varying levels of what he needs from the society in terms of food, shelter and a place among friends and family which helps him achieve the last stage of fulfillment of self actualization where he is able to give back to the society in terms of his experiences and the knowledge and development of ethics and character that has led him to lead a successful life essentially and give back to mankind. References Burger, D. (n.d.).Phenomenological perspectives on change. Retrieved March 22nd, 2010 from http://www.themanager.org/Strategy/Phenomenological_Perspectives_on_Change_-_Daniel_Burger.pdf Cline, A. (n.d.).Existence precedes essence: themes and ideas in existentialist thought. Retrieved March 22nd, 2010 from http://atheism.about.com/od/existentialistthemes/a/existence.htm Crowell, S. (2004). Existentialism.Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved (2010, March 22) from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existentialism/

America missouri

The Missouri compromise was a certain kind of agreement that was signed back in 1820, between the anti – slavery and pro-slavery factions in the United States congress . This agreement basically involved the primary regulations of slavery in the western territories. The agreement prohibited slavery in the former northern Louisiana territory exempting the upper boundaries of the proposed Missouri state. Prior before the agreement was met, the House of Representatives had refused to accept this kind of compromise and a conference committee was to be appointed to tackle the issues arising from this compromise.Justices would not have been achieved in lieu of such a case where struggle had erupted between the whites and the blacks, owing to the discrepancy that had existed between these to sets of human beings and Africans being considered minorities. The United States Senate rejected this move and it refused to concur with the amendment and the entire measure was all lost. Was the re are any possible and fair move that would have resolved this conflict? Equity/ fairness were not the tools to play in this context for they would have achieved minimal if not insignificant difference.During the following secession that is between 1819- 1820, a similar bill was passed with an amendment, which was introduced on 26 January 1820, by sir John W. Taylor of New York, which permitted Missouri into a union as a slave state. This quest was completed with the admission of Alabama as a slave state in December rendering the number of slave and Free states equal. Consequently, a bill was passed in the house on January 3rd 1820, admitting Maine as a Free State .However, the Senate thought and decided to merge the two measures together, whereby a bill for admission of Maine accompanied by an amendment enabling the people of Missouri to establish a state constitution was amended (http://www. infoplease. com/ce6/history/A0833427. html). Just before the bill was send back to the ho use, a second amendment was adopted stirred by Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois which excluded slavery from the Missouri territory to the north and southern boundaries of Missouri, further exempting the proposed regions within the limits of the proposed state of Missouri.Disputes emerged between the two ends that is the southern and the northern states struggling for power in congress and control over the future territories. This discourse emerged as the different factions and the democratic – Republican Party began losing its coherence. In April 21st Thomas Jefferson wrote a letter stating that such kind of a division created by the comprehensive compromise line would however, lead to the destruction of the union.Congress considerations over the admission of Missouri raised issues of sectional balance, for the country had become equally divided between slave and free slave states each having a composition of eleven regions (http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h511. html). The ad mission of Missouri as a slave state was to tip up the balance in the senate which was composed of two senators from each state in due favor of the slave states. As a result of this discourse states along the northern hemisphere wanted Maine to be admitted as a free state.By the beginning of the year 1818, Missouri had expanded in terms of population and it gained sufficient population enough to warrant its admission into a union state. Its occupants largely originated from the south and it was expected that this would be a slave state. A state house bill was passed in the house of representatives by James Tallmadge of New York the same year proposing an amendment that would ban the importation of slave trade and bring an ultimate emancipation of the slaves born in Missouri .A close analysis following this proceedings ranging from the two ends showed that justice was sort through legal procedures and fairness was not the tool to attack the whole issue. In reference to this effect an other amendment was passed to the house in February 1819 where the senate was not involved . Bitterness among candidates from both ends during the debate sharply placed emphasis towards the sectional division of Unite States (http://www. americaslibrary. gov/cgibin/page. cgi/aa/presidents/monroe/compromise_1). In 1820, a bill admitting Maine as a state was also passed through the house.This was precisely a legal proceeding that was meant to ensure justice was observed to settle the conflict. The successful admission of Alabama as a slave state by the year 1819 converged the Free states and slave states to equal representations in the senate. This was achieved through pairing Maine and Missouri to be Free states. This equality was to be maintained. The two bills were later merged together as one senate, both having a clause forbidding slavery in Missouri and further prohibiting slavery in the remaining parts of Louisiana the Upper north 36 30’N lat and the southern boundary la titude of Missouri.This compromise bill was rejected by the house. The rejection called for another conference meeting made up of members from both houses to ponder the issue not based on legal procedure but this time to consider equity and fairness was done on both sides. These bills were however, treated as separate entities and by March, 1820, Maine achieved its goals and it was made a state of its own while Missouri was authorized to establish a constitution of its own having no restrictions on slavery.Stern legal procedures were to be observed in order to ensure the senate proceedings were not driven by personal or individual opinions, but whatever move taken was to be a consolidation of thoughts through various forums and consultations. The provisions to the Missouri constitution permiting the immigration of the free blacks to the states was highly objected by the many northern congressmen, a situation which called for another congressional compromise. This discourse would hav e stirred more conflicts once more. Stern legal procedures were to be observed this time round to settle this dispute (http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h511.html). The Missouri legislature stood up vividly this time round to defend his constitution and held its power high that nothing in his constitution would be interpreted to abridge the rights of the citizens of United States a move that saw the charter ratified and Missouri was admitted to the Union In August 1821. Henry Clay, the speaker of the senate did not either match to secure passage of the entire compromise. The application of Missouri to be offered consideration for statehood sparked a bitter debate in the congress concerning the issue of territories which had been created as a result of the purchase of Louisiana of 1803.With the concern that the southern end would have representational advantage, Ney York Congressman James Tallmadge introduced another amendment that was to prohibit any further expansion of slavery within the area. This action was however, to set the children of Missouri free. Despites the many dangers and challenges for having free blacks intermingling with slaves, Tallmadge come out rightly to defend his people, and he declared that he was aware of the will of his constituents and as their representatives he avowed to proclaim their hatred to slavery occurring in any shape.Once more, legal procedures had to take toes to resolve this conflict and a consensus was reached when the two parts compromised the situation. At last the northern part of Massachusetts finally become Maine and it was later admitted to the union as a free state the same time when Missouri was being admitted as a slave state. The two ends thereby, maintained an equal balance of regions where Missouri had 12, and Maine got 12 respectively. By and large, an imaginary line, 36 digress 30 minutes north latitude was drawn while the portions of Louisiana territory lying along the north of the compromise line wer e to be set as Free states(http://civilwar. bluegrass. net/secessioncrisis/200303. html). Work Cited Secession Crisis: The Missouri Compromise â€Å"A Balance of Power† March 3, 1820. Retrieved on 24th July 2009 from, http://civilwar. bluegrass. net/secessioncrisis/200303. html Missouri Compromise. Retrieved on 24th July 2009 from, http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h511. html The Missouri Compromise. Retrieved on 24th July 2009 from, http://www. americaslibrary. gov/cgibin/page. cgi/aa/presidents/monroe/compromise_1 Missouri Compromise. Retrieved on 24th July 3009 from, http://www. infoplease. com/ce6/history/A0833427. html

New Step by Step Roadmap for Friends Essay Samples

New Step by Step Roadmap for Friends Essay Samples Up in Arms About Friends Essay Samples? This way you don't risk your money since you can establish the price before finalizing your buy. It isn't easy to discover the authentic ones, therefore we often experience a couple that fall into each category. Your list is only going to supply you with a headache if you don't locate a remedy to end your problems. We offer flexible system of discounts, but in addition our discount policy which allows you to conserve money on ordering essays at one time. Friendship for utility and pleasure are more inclined to end in a briefer period. You know you could trust them and they're reliable. They are dependable, trustworthy, and also trusted. It is considerably more than that. Friends are indispensable in our life just as food is necessary for living. It gets morally significant as a result of the goodwill friends have for one another. Imagine the simplicity and convenience of having al l your kilts and accessories in 1 place. Friendship is all about caring and goodwill. Whatever They Told You About Friends Essay Samples Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why Friendship is a significant relationship. It is also important among countries. It is not a relationship between people who have disagreements. It needs agreement and if there is agreement, there is friendship. Read my essay writing service reviews and my guide to selecting the ideal service for everything you want to understand about how to select the best writing businesses. Always make certain to have a look at the review my essay section of any writing service website you're contemplating using. Obviously, this list isn't exhaustive, these are only a few examples of the most well-known reasons students turn to writing services. The procedure for ordering our services has been made simple by using simple actions that are simple to follow along with. The Bad Side of Friends Essay Samples In each one of the types below, you can recognize people that you have experienced friendships with in earlier times and may friend currently. There are lots of important things in life. You must have friends that you are able to be sure will stand behind you whatever the circumstance or problem which you're facing. Not too lots of people actually take time to think about the qualities of their buddies. Don't be scared to talk about your ideas as part of creative procedure and remember there's just one approach to reach the desired goals receiving papers which have been meticulously checked, reviewed and proofread. The procedure will be easy and you just should stick to the steps. Figure out what it is you are supposed to do. Arrange them in accordance with their strengths to attain a smooth flow. The Battle Over Friends Essay Samples and How to Win It The usage of NFL jerseys is quite common. With personalized jerseys of the NFL, you're sure that you've got the ideal design. Locating a cheap NFL jersey has been a daunting job for a lot of the hardcore fans in spite of the team they support for. A friend remembers you don't like. He could not only be a person, but a pet. He is a person who can understand the skeletons in the closet. It can be difficult to fulfill the folks who'd make the ideal friend. Therefore, someone should choose the different sort of friends wisely. A real friend is similar to a mirror. He is someone you know you can always trust and rely on no matter what. The loyal best friend is the most crucial friend. Friends Essay Samples Ideas There's a particular procedure of how essays ought to be written. It's critical that the service you decide on knows for sure they're only choosing the very best essay writers. 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Assignment Type Of Firm And Industry - 1615 Words

III. Description of Internship Assignment a. Type of firm and industry The firm I conducted my internship at is Robert C. Alario CPA PC. It is an accounting firm based in Leominster Massachusetts but with offices also in Harvard, Massachusetts and Worcester Massachusetts. The firms serves the public accounting needs for individuals, corporation, and non-profit entities. Their services include tax planning and preparation, payroll services, bookkeeping, auditing, QuickBooks assistance, financial statement preparation, and college planning. The firm is comprised of two partners, and boasts about 15 full time employees. The public accounting industry seems to have an underserved market. This is especially evident during tax season,†¦show more content†¦Other duties include preparation of client trial balances for input in ProSystem fx Engagement, and preparation of client binders in the same system. I also routinely prepared reports from Quickbooks, including balance sheets, profit and loss statements, and trial b alances. Furthermore, I conduct client write ups, and reconciliation in Quickbooks. This consisted in accurately inputting checks and deposits into Quickbooks from client provided check registers, and then reconciling them with the clients bank statements. During any down time I helped out the office administration team. In this capacity I pulled or returned files from the central filing room for the tax prepares, answered phones, along with other general administrative work in the office. d. How the job requirements and duties of this specific function interrelated with other jobs and the role of other functional areas with in the firms. I learned that in this office there was a specific process during tax season to prepare the tax returns. It started with receiving the client documents, and it ended with the return of the completed tax return to the client. First the admin team would receive all documents from the client, pull the clients file, or create a new one. Then the admin team would pass the documents and the file to an intern like myself. At this stage I believe my task, of sorting throughShow MoreRelatedAcc 403 Week 8 Assignment 21144 Words   |  5 PagesACC 403 WEEK 8 ASSIGNMENT 2 To purchase this visit here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/acc-403-week-8-assignment-2/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM ACC 403 WEEK 8 ASSIGNMENT 2 – AUDIT PLANNING AND CONTROL It is common industry knowledge that an audit plan provides the specific guidelines auditors must follow when conducting an external audit. External public accounting firms conduct external audits to ensure outside stakeholders that the company’s financial statements areRead MoreDifference Between A Monopoly And A Perfectly Competitive Firm1273 Words   |  6 Pagescapitalistic society, without any type of regulation at all, you will get one monopoly that will eat all of the smaller fish and own everything, and then you ll have zero capitalism, zero competition - it would just be one giant company† (Tankian, S. n.d.). The preceding quotation from Serj Tankian lays the groundwork for this case assignment. An assignment that will analyze the differences of the demand curve facing both a monopoly and a perfectly competitive firm. Also, exploration will be performedRead Moremba hr assignments Essay1189 Words   |  5 PagesAcademic Year 2013 - 2014 ASSIGNMENT TOPICS This booklet contains assignment topics. Students are asked to write the assignments for EIGHT papers as per instructions. 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Compared with other approaches to business, the marketing concept is distinct in that it: †¢ Produces new products and services. †¢ Focuses on satisfying customers needs. †¢ Focuses on sales. †¢ Creates a broad assortment of products. 2. The sales analysis of a product revealed that profits were highest when it was initially introduced into the market withRead MoreCost Function in Railways1639 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This assignment focuses on the cost functions of the Dutch Railways. In this tutorial will be an estimated cost function developed for the Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS). This cost function (expressed in Dutch Guilders) is based on the period of Year 1951 till Year 1993. This due to certain developments that made it more difficult to come to a good approach of a cost function. Based on the cost function, developed in this tutorial, there will be an answer provided on the question whetherRead MoreManagement and Business Plan1523 Words   |  7 Pagesthe theories reviewed in class related to analyzing an HR function and determining the type of HRIS application necessary to automate and create a strategic alliance for this HR department. Students will have an opportunity to apply theoretical concepts to a professional business application. | | Guidelines for All Papers | | * This project is completed in three stages. * The first two assignments (Stages I and II of the project) are worth 100 points each. * The final project (StageRead MoreElastic Paper1744 Words   |  7 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures Angela Graham ECO/365 January 6, 2015 Biagio Vultaggio Differentiating Between Market Structures The hospitality industry has always been above and beyond for excellence. In today’s hospitality industry, the competitive structure is not so much aggressive but more unique with tactics. Every company tries to one up the next person by using creative approaches to intrigue each consumer when they are on vacation. Since we do live in Vegas, how doesRead MoreIndustry Evolution1233 Words   |  5 PagesPAPER TITLE: INDUSTRY EVOLUTION PAPER SUBTITLE: FRAGMENTED INDUSTRY AND CONSOLIDATED INDUSTRY 1.0 ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to know the industries grow through a series of stages from growth through maturity to decline. The industry life cycle is useful for explaining and expecting trends among the six forces that drive industry competition. There are two types of industry which are fragmented industry and consolidated industry. Fragmented industry occurs when the people

The Legacy Of Franklin D. Roosevelt - 1333 Words

Wisdom, knowledge, greatness and power are a few words that come to mind when thinking about our 32nd president of the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. He’s one of America’s greatest presidents who accomplished more than we could have hoped for. A man of few words citizens would say, yet each word was a something to remember. I believe that he was in fact the most effective president the US has had so far. This president was the most precise, straightforward president; he got what was needed to get the job done. He did what no other president would have been able to do with such accuracy, especially given the fact of his physical battle with Polio. Franklin D. Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882, Hyde Park, New York. Franklin D. Roosevelt was a very educated man who went and graduated from Harvard College in 1903, soon after that he married the wonderful Anna Eleanor on March 17, 1905. The American citizens, family and friends all called Franklin D. Roosevelt â€Å"FDR† for short. FDR lead the American society through troubling times, through war and economic heartache. Franklin D. Roosevelt was a democrat and was elected four times. FDR did his best to make sure the job was done and that he did it wholeheartedly with the American people in mind. Franklin D. Roosevelt was a leader, a supporter and role model. FDR as many would call him was elected for four executive terms. He led the American people through a crisis that no other could have done better than him.Show MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of Franklin D. Roosevelt868 Words   |  4 PagesFranklin D. Roosevelt has gone down in history as one of the greatest presidents to serve our country. He was president from 1933 to 1945, the longest any president has ever served. With the establishment of the new deal, he was able to not only bring the American economy out of the depression but also the people themselves. But it is his wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, was a leader herself. She did not stand in the foreground of her husband’s presidency; she actively fought for her beliefs and becameRead MoreA Man With No Bounds Essay1005 Words   |  5 PagesFranklin D. Roosevelt he is not just a person, he is a legacy the way he approached problems in his time â€Å"in charge†. The way he spoke to people was just outright amazing, like in his Infamy Speech after Pearl Harbor when he said, â€Å"With confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph -- so help us God.† While in his long presidency, Franklin D. Roosevelt was considered by many, a amazing president who made all the right decisionsRead MoreThe Legacy Of Franklin Delano Roosevelt872 Words   |  4 Pagespreserved it; Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who rescued it from economic collapse and led it to victory in the greatest war of all time.†(Smith XI). Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the only President to serve four terms and had two great, important crisis in his presidency. He truly was a great leader, because he gave the people a sense of security during an era of distress. Although winning victory in the greatest war the world has ever known dominates Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s legacy, his savingRead MoreThe Life of Franklin D. Roosevelt1005 Words   |  5 PagesA mention of the name, Roosevelt D. Franklin to most Americans, rekindles the memories of the Second World War, the Manhattan projects and the subsequent bombing of two Japanese cities. What most of these people fail to understand is that Roosevelts presidency was the Second World War. Turth be told, Roosevelt is one the greatest presidents the United States ever had based on his personality and the challenges he faced while in the White House. This paper discusses a number of aspects about oneRead MoreGeneral Info And Early Political Career1401 Words   |  6 PagesGeneral info and Early Political Career Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born in 1882 in New York to a rich family. He went to Groton School and Harvard College to get an education. He married Eleanor Roosevelt and had six children with her. His hobbies included stamp collecting and relaxing on his yacht. He started his political career in 1910 when he joined the New York State Senate and then continued on as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. He ran for vice presidentRead MoreEleanor Roosevelt : Long Range Goal1005 Words   |  5 PagesAnna Eleanor Roosevelt Isra El-khateeb Long-Range Goal: To inform listeners about the legacy and inspirational status Eleanor Roosevelt left behind. Immediate Purpose: To entertain and inspire my audience by honoring the roles Eleanor Roosevelt played and describing the impact she has on our daily life. 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Roosevelt Thesis: Franklin D. Roosevelt was an effective American president and leader. Franklin D. Roosevelt was a powerful leader and one of the most highly regarded presidents in American history. He connected well with American people, had a strong character, possessed a clear vision for America, had valuable political skills, and could lead people in challenging times. With recentRead MoreFranklin Roosevelts New Deal1672 Words   |  7 Pages Ordinary Americans and their families sit together in their living rooms as they turn the knob on their radios. The words â€Å"Good evening, my friends†¦Ã¢â‚¬  echo audibly over the static and ambient noise, and the President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt informs the nation of his New Deal and planned solutions to the problems of post-Depression America. He speaks warmly and directly, addressing the American people â€Å"you† and himself â€Å"I†. 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Fish and West Coast Tuna Free Essays

Japan’s Fuchsia Nuclear Power Facility is leaking into the Pacific Ocean constantly. This leak was caused by a powerful earthquake in 2011. Any sort of chemical leak is terrible; however, the location of the Fuchsia facility makes it significantly worse. We will write a custom essay sample on Fish and West Coast Tuna or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because this body of water does not remove or clean itself well, the chemical pollution is Just increasing and taking over the ocean. Marine life is being severely affected by this. One fish that should be a main focus is the West Coast Blue Fin Tuna. The West Coast Blue Fin Tuna is a widely recognized fish and the West Coast Tuna Fishing industry is very familiar with this marine life form. For this industry, the Fuchsia leak is the worst possible event. Phytoplankton, plankton, and many other marine life forms feed on the radioactive chemicals being released by the gallons every day. This consumption of chemicals makes its way up the food chain to the West Coast Blue Fin Tuna. Not only is it now harmful to eat, the West Coast Blue Fin Tuna ingests the radioactive chemicals which in turn begin to eat away t its tissue thus leading the West Coast Blue Fin Tuna to cease to exist. To determine whether or not the rise of radiation levels in the blue fin tuna is due to the Fuchsia leak or any cause that may be natural, I have created an experiment. I would begin by monitoring a set amount of 200 North American Blue Fin Tuna (Group #1). These fish would be in clean water with no radioactive chemicals and superb circulation. My other group would consist 200 of Blue Fin Tuna in clean water that is not well circulated (Group #2). Another group would be made up of 200 Blue Fin Tuna with circulated water containing the Fuchsia chemicals Group #3). How to cite Fish and West Coast Tuna, Papers

The Similarities Between Classical and Modern Liberalism Are Greater Than the Differences free essay sample

Similarities between classical and modern liberalism are greater than the differences. Discuss. (45 marks) Typically, liberalism is categorised into two separate components; classical liberalism, which was fashioned during the 19th century as a result of the industrial revolution, and the more recent Modern Liberalism which emerged as industrialisation continued within the UK. Although both divisions of Liberalism unavoidably overlap in attitudes and approaches regarding the theory behind the ideology, I believe, fundamentally, that clear tensions between these aspects of Liberalism are more evident when analysing this ideology. Some will say that both classical and modern liberalists possess a number of parallel approaches towards this political theory and its key concepts. Firstly, both strands of Liberalism believe in the necessity of some kind of a state, since life without a state, as Thomas Hobbes stated, would be ‘solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short’. Both views consider the existence of a state to be essential in order to protect individual rights. Since liberals generally considered humanity to be self-interested and egoistical, a state was needed to ensure that individuals did not exploit other individuals’ rights, through acts of stealing, harming, or even slavery, and was therefore the only thing that was capable of restraining all individuals and groups within society. Hobbes and Locke particularly stressed the importance of creating a ‘social contract’ where an agreement amongst individuals would be initiated, to form a state in order to escape from the disorder and chaos of ‘the state of nature’, which was a society with unrestrained freedom, but lacking any establish authority. Therefore, the state is there to act almost as a neutral referee in society, by implementing laws enshrined in the constitution and by democracy. Thus an approach similar to Abraham Lincolns â€Å"government of the people, by the people, for the people† was adopted and agreed by all liberalists to justify the existence of a state: its primary aim was to protect the rights and freedoms of the people, and therefore of the individual. Another example of corresponding views of Liberalism between modernists and classicists is their superior interest in the individual; both variations of this ideology revolve around protecting rights and freedoms of the individual, as opposed to any social group or collective body. Liberalism encouraged individuals to embrace autonomy and think for themselves, instead of accepting their identity to be based on characteristics associated with a social group or community they belonged to. A serf, for example, became a ‘free man’ and was able to choose who he worked for. Both aspects of liberalism realised that each individual possessed personal and distinctive qualities; each was of special value. The philosopher Kant was one of the first to grasp the importance of each individual, claiming that each person should be ‘ends in themselves’- not merely as means for the achievement of the ends of others. Whether egoism and self-interest is unrestrained or is qualified by a sense of social responsibility, liberals are united I their desire to create a society in which each person is capable of developing and flourishing to the fullness of their potential. Both modern and classical liberalists regarded this ideology to be one very much characterised by a willingness to accept, and even sometimes celebrate moral, cultural and political diversity. Such a versatile acceptance of people made liberals strongly related to the theme of toleration. Voltaire memorably portrays this view is his declaration that ‘I detest what you say but will defend to the death your right to say it’. Although the case of toleration was first adopted by the likes of John Locke who defended religious freedom, the concept progressed so that toleration should be extended to all matters regarded as ‘private’ on the grounds that, like religion, they concern moral questions that should be left to the individual. J. S. Mill then developed a wider justification for toleration that both modern and classical liberalists adopted; toleration was just as important to society as to the individual. So toleration was not simply a guarantee for personal autonomy, but ensured the dynamism and health of society. All liberalists believed toleration brought about debate, argument and contest, which was inevitably bring about social progress. However, I consider the tensions and differences between classical and modern liberalists to be far more apparent when scrutinising this ideology. Although liberals agree about the value of liberty, their views on what it means to be ‘free’ vary significantly. It was Isaiah Berlin who first created the concepts of negative and positive freedom that helped to differentiate between the two liberals’ views of freedom. The concept of negative freedom was adopted by classical liberals, who believed that freedom was defined as being left alone and free from interference. Classical liberals believed this theory to mean that individuals should be free from external restrictions or constraints. Modern liberals, on the other hand, believed in positive freedom. This, modernist’s perceived to means that all individuals have the ability to be their own master, and thus reach full autonomy. Unlike classical liberals, who had little faith in humankind, Modernists conveyed humans in a much more positive light: people are rational beings that are capable, and therefore should be able, to flourish and reach their full potential. Liberals also tended to split on the topic of the role of the state, and therefore, the limits to the interference of the state. Classical liberals believed that the existence of a state was evil, in that it imposed collective will on society; thereby limiting the freedom and responsibility of individuals. Thus, a state’s role should be minimal and should only be used as a system for maintaining laws that protect individual rights and freedoms, as well as acting a protection service from attack by other nations. Some, like the Lord John Acton, perceived any power or dominance given to the state to be disastrous, stating that â€Å"power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. † Thus the state’s role should be minimal, reducing its power so that it was enough to protect individuals, but not enough to become superior to the people. However, Modern liberals on the other hand allowed and even encouraged state intervention, as they believed, similarly to T H Green, that this would ensure that each individual would be able to develop and reach their full potential and autonomy. Unlike classists, who believed in no such support for people, and that they should be left alone to their own devices, modern liberals saw the state as an essential tool to create and maintain a system of ‘equality of opportunity’. This meant that the state should act as a support, helping those in need, to ensure that all people are, as it were, ‘on a level playing field’. Although the state could not determine the same outcomes for everyone, modern liberals believed it to be the states job to make sure everyone had the same opportunities in life to flourish and achieve self- realisation. Another feature that clarifies the differences between liberalism is the approach towards society and welfare. Classical liberalisms believed fundamentally that individuals make what they want, with what they can, of their own lives. Those with the ability and a willingness to work will prosper, while the incompetent or the lazy will not. Such ideas of individual responsibility was widely adopted by those with a ‘laissez-faire’ approach, such as Richard Cobden, the UK economist, who, although advocating an improvement of working conditions, argued that it should come about through their ‘own efforts and self-reliance, rather than from law†¦look not to parliament, look only to yourselves’. However, Herbert Spencer appears to be the boldest expression of a classical liberalists approach. He developed further Charles Darwin’s concept of evolution and came up with the principle, of ‘survival of the fittest’. Here, Spencer was implying that people who adapt themselves best to survive in current conditions and climates will rise to the top, while those rigid in tradition that refuse to adapt will sink to the bottom. Inequalities of wealth, social position and political power are therefore natural and inevitable- thus the government should make no attempt to interfere with them. Thus, the welfare should only provide a ‘safety-net’ to help the most desperate in society. However, modern liberalists have adopted a rather conflicting interpretation of the role of society and welfare. Modernists saw it as a vital role of the state to provide support for citizens’ by overcoming poverty, disease and ignorance. Thus, the 20th century saw a dramatic rise in the appearance of a ‘welfare state’, as many recognised that adopting such a principle would also improve the running of the nation; providing help to citizens would inevitably increase the health of people, which would then prove as a huge advantage in times of war. However, the primary aim of adopting such a principle was not to benefit the nation, but to ensure that equality of opportunity was provided to every citizen. They believed that if particular individuals or groups were disadvantaged by their social circumstances, then the state has a social responsibility to reduce or remove these disadvantages to create more equal chances. William Beveridge created a report to aid the welfare state, which set out to attack the ‘five giants’- want, disease, ignorance, squalor and idleness. In other words, it protected the citizens’ from ‘cradle to the grave’. Therefore, unlike Classical liberalists, modernists believed in a much wider welfare support scheme that should not just be limited to citizens’ with the most desperate situations. Although a great array of similarities and differences shape both variations of Liberalism, having scrutinised this ideology in depth, I perceive the variations of argument, beliefs and desires adopted between Modern and Classical liberalism to be far greater than any similarities that may bind them together. Some may argue that since both adaptations of liberalism are built on the same foundations, such as their shared desire for some kind of state, the superiority of the individual and the approach of toleration, this is enough to fuse together and prove that Modern and Classical liberalists are not so different. However, the differences between both takes of Liberalism clearly dominates; such fundamental details of an ideology, taking for example the opposite beliefs of the role of the state, are clearly to vital to ignore and be overshadowed by the similar principles of Liberalism. Jessica Atkins