Tobacco Industry: Its Significance in US Economy

The United States is the world†s second largest tobacco grower. Thus, tobacco is an important cash crop and the cigarette manufacturers play a very important role in the U. S economy.(7:2) Approximately 500,000 Americans die every year as a direct result of smoking (1:66). As the U. S. population becomes more health conscious, the number of smokers is decreasing every year. However, the tobacco industry has remained prosperous due to the continuing demand of millions of smokers still present in the U.S.A and other places like Asia, Russia and Eastern Europe.(7:2) The tobacco industry has never before publicly admitted to a direct connection between smoking and lung or heart diseases (7:2). Since 1954, 825 cases have been filed against cigarette companies demanding compensatim. Out of this only 22 have gone for trial, three of which resulted in partial victory.(1:66) Marketing can be defined as the process by which goods and services are sold and purchased. It also includes functions like, advertising, mail-order business, public relations and the like. The main goal of marketing is to acquire, retain and satisfy customers.(2:1) Cigarette companies seem to understand the above mentioned definition perfectly. They carefully follow management's wishes about promotion of cigarettes. Like any other firm, cigarette manufacturers try to supply, design and produce products that will satisfy consumer needs.(4:4) However, critics complain of the effects of marketing tobacco on society. Advertisement of brand names like Marlboro, Lucky Strike etc. are harmful for children since they generally glorifies smoking. Cigarette firms have been criticized for designing and promoting brands that target the special tastes of working persons, African -Americans etc. (4:4). Thus, critics feel that for tobacco no marketing tool that increases profit or marketing share should be used.(4:11) No matter how unhealthy cigarettes are, they still are legal. Therefore, tobacco companies have a right to market their products. After all, we could categorize tobacco marketing as â€Å"Misplaced Marketing†.(4:4) The major tobacco companies of U.S.A were headed for trouble this year. In early 1997, the smallest tobacco company. Liggett Group agreed to a wide-ranging settlement of health-related lawsuit and admitted publicly that tobacco causes cancer, is addictive and is â€Å"marketed† to teens. This admission ended up being a big problem for other's tobacco companies.(6:3) On 27 June 1997, the companies: Philip Morris RJR Nabisco Holdings, B.A.T Industries, Brown & Williamson and Loews Corp. reached an agreement with the attorneys -general of nearly 40 American states. This settlement resulted in the tobacco industry changing its own marketing rules.(5:23) 1.Financial implications of the settlement The above mentioned settlement calls for the tobacco industry to start an annual payment of $10 billion (eventually rising to $15 billion) to compensate states for smoking-related health costs and to pay people who successfully file for damages. The five tobacco companies must also finance anti-smoking medical and educational research, in order to prevent youths from smoking.(5:23) The cigarette companies also have to pay $60 billion in damages as a form of punishment. Besides all this, the industry will face additional penalties if the number of teenage smokers does not decrease by 50% in seven years.(5:25) This settlement, is set to drastically change the marketing program of the tobacco companies. From now on, human or cartoon figures will not appear in cigarette advertisements. That is, the advertisements will have to consist of words only (5:23). Tobacco advertisements are also banned from billboards, stadiums and the Internet. They are also prohibited from advertising in films or in theaters. The settlement also ends the use of all cigarette vending machines (5:24). Tobacco companies cannot use their brand marks on T-shirts, caps and other promotional free gifts (5:25). The agreement would give the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authority to regulate tobacco products. In addition, cigarettes would come with tough new warnings such as ‘smoking causes cancer† and ‘smoking can kill you†.(5:24) The above mentioned changes will alter the marketing techniques of tobacco as never before and thus, the tobacco companies have to adapt to a new way of doing business. The tobacco industry has been hit hard by the settlement it signed. But it does not mean the end of this multi-billion dollar business. Let us have a look at some new and upcoming ways in which tobacco is sold. Even if the tobacco industry faces a gloomy business future in U.S.A it can earn a lot by selling more cigarettes in developing countries from the Middle East to South East Asia INTERFERENCE With practically no government interference and millions of smokers, tobacco companies could even earn profits from brands that are dead in USA. They can also expect bigger profits by trying to change local customs. For example: In Japan, the number of women's smokers is on the rise, after tobacco promotions persuaded society not to prohibit women smoking.(3:34) As the numbers of public outlets for cigarettes decrease in the future a mail-order tobacco business could be created and this could be even more profitable. Being good database marketers, the databases of the tobacco industry will act as a communication and distribution channel. RJ Reynolds has already taken a lead in this type of marketing.(3:34) From now on, tobacco companies will have to do most of their advertising in adult magazines. They might even end up opening cigarette only retail stores, as another way to supply smokers. As marketing of tobacco has become more challenging than ever before, it will remain a powerful part of management for the tobacco companies.(5:27) Tobacco firms have always shown enthusiasm in marketing their products. However, they have to face constant criticism of their marketing techniques. Critics feel that tobacco marketing is an example of misplaced marketing. The recently signed agreement between leading cigarette companies and nearly forty American states, will lead to radical change in the marketing field. Besides financial penalties, cigarette companies have also agreed to restrict and reshape their promotional strategies. In the future, tobacco firms will have to come up with new ideas to market cigarettes and probably will have to increase their foreign sales. Basically, cigarette manufacturers have to right to promote and advertise their products so long as they are legal. Thus, clearly tobacco will be marketed, in some form or the other, for years to come.

Reaction to Triarchic Theory of Love According to Sternberg Essay

Wherein he shows us the different components of love, namely: intimacy, passion and decision/ commitment. This theory shows that love can be understood in terms of the three components, and they can be viewed as forming the triangle. Intimacy acts as the top vertex of the triangle, passion acts as the left point of the triangle and decision/commitment acts as the right point of the triangle. According to Sternberg, intimacy is refers to the feeling of closeness, connectedness, and bondedness in loving relationships. It can also be the feeling experienced happiness with the loved one, high regard for the loved one, being able to count on the loved one in times of need, mutual understanding with the loved one, sharing of one’s self and one’s possessions with the loved one, receipt of emotional support from the loved one, giving of emotional support to the loved one, intimate communication with the loved one, and valuing the loved one in one’s life. The next component, passion refers to the drive that leads to romance, physical attraction and lust in relationships. This component allows people in a relationship to experience passion and arousal. As for relationships that are fueled by passion, meaning the â€Å"arousal† drew the in to the relationship, it is the intimacy component that sustains the closeness in the relationship. And the last component, decision/ commitment can be defined in terms of the length of the relationship, in short term it can be defined as the decision we make to love someone, whereas in long term it can be defined as the commitment to maintain that love. If likened to temperature, intimacy can viewed as the â€Å"warm† one, passion as the â€Å"hot† one and decision/commitment as the â€Å"cold† one. In sum, all these three components are important in a loving and strong relationship, without the other, the relationship may not last as long. REACTION: Love. A four-letter word which means what? A great man once said, â€Å"Love is composed of a single soul inhabiting two bodies. † Who is this man? Aristotle. David Byrne said, â€Å"Sometimes it’s a form of love just to talk to somebody that you have nothing in common with and still be fascinated by their presence. Mark Twain said, â€Å"Love is the irresistible desire to be irresistibly desired. Do you understand it? Is it the same for you? Do you now know exactly what love is? I don’t. But I’ll try to sort things out through my experience and maybe, I can show you and tell you what love is. Love has been called many things, defined a thousand times, analyzed for ages. But no one can put into words what love is. Maybe because no words can explain or define what love is? No matter how cliche, mushy and hopelessly romantic that sounds, it’s true. Love is not easy to explain. Try it yourself and see how far you got, I’ll bet your still on â€Å"It’s what you feel. † From my experience, love brings you hope, pain, joy, memories worthy of treasuring forever and love. Love is shared between two people who have feelings towards each other, it may be a friend, or a special someone. And loving is never easy. From my experience, it did bring joy and pain. I’m not trying to scare you. Even if love brings pain, the joy that comes with it is wondrous. A joy that is immeasurable. A joy that has the power to make the pain and the burdens you have go away. It gives you butterflies in your stomach; it makes your heart do somersaults, it makes you nervous, it makes you cry, it makes you laugh, it makes you see the beauty in everything. Love is truly beautiful. And I think, without love, the world we know today would have ceased to exist a long time ago. Even amidst all these chaos, deep within we can find love. So, from what I see, love is everywhere, found in all things, beautiful and confusing. References: Sternberg, Robert J. â€Å"A triangular theory of love.† Psychological review 93.2 (1986): 119. Sternberg, Robert J. â€Å"Liking versus loving: A comparative evaluation of theories.† Psychological Bulletin 102.3 (1987): 331. Beall, Anne E., and Robert J. Sternberg. â€Å"The social construction of love.† Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 12.3 (1995): 417-438. Sternberg, Robert J., and Karin Weis. The new psychology of love. Yale University Press, 2006. Sternberg, Robert J., and Todd I. Lubart. â€Å"The concept of creativity: Prospects and paradigms.† Handbook of creativity 1 (1999): 3-15. Fehr, Beverley. â€Å"A prototype approach to studying love.† The new psychology of love (2006): 225-246. Bisson, Melissa A., and Timothy R. Levine. â€Å"Negotiating a friends with benefits relationship.† Archives of sexual behavior 38.1 (2009): 66-73.   

The UK Corporate Governance Code Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The UK Corporate Governance Code - Coursework Example From the research it can be comprehended that corporate governance is the system by which companies are directed and controlled. Boards of directors are responsible for the governance of their companies. The shareholders’ role in governance is to appoint the directors and the auditors and to satisfy themselves that an appropriate governance structure is in place. The responsibilities of the board include setting the company’s strategic aims, providing the leadership to put them into effect, supervising the management of the business and reporting to shareholders on their stewardship. The board’s actions are subject to laws, regulations and the shareholders in general meeting. The Code guides the board towards more effective practice. Its underlying principles are all those of good governance, they include accountability, transparency, probity and focus on the steady success of an entity over long term. The code is continuously changing to incorporate the alterati ons in the socio-economic environment. It has been reviewed in 2005, 2007 and 2010 in the recent past. The new code applies to the accounting periods beginning on or after 29 June 2010 and is applied to all the companies whether they are incorporated in UK or not. The approach that is followed since the beginning of the Code is to comply with it or explain why it is not being followed. It is referred to as â€Å"Comply or Explain†. ... According to the latest report on UK Corporate Governance Code by the FRC, the main principles for The Code are: Leadership. The board should be led by an effectively. The responsibility of heading the board by the Non-executive directors and the responsibility of heading the company’s operations by the executive directors should be equally divided. The Chairman is the head of the board as a whole whereas the executive directors are also led by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Company. The Chairman is responsible for the effective functionality of the board. He is responsible for ensuring the clear and efficient flow of information between the shareholders and the board. As per new reforms passed in 2011, female directors will also be introduced into the board structure (FRC, Consultation Document 2011). The board of directors has the power to hire fire and compensate senior management. Their purpose is to resolve the issues, specially relating to conflicts of interest s, between the decision makers and the risk bearers. Their control resolves the issue of high agency costs and facilitates the existence of an open corporation. Recent economic theory implies that the balanced structure of the board of directors is a crucial part of good governance (Baysinger, Butler, 1985). According to agency theory, shareholders interests are better protected if there is segregation between the duties of CEO and the Chairman. Where as, stewardship theory argues that the shareholders interests are maximized if both the roles are entitled to the same person. According to the author, a few test results show that stewardship theory is supported more than the agent theory (Donaldson, Davis 1991).

Finance and Investment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finance and Investment - Essay Example Based on the given information, it appears that all projects are viable because of the positive NPV. In selecting the best project, the highest NPV has to be considered. In this situation, Project B is expected to provide more gains. Its NVP is more than double compared to the NPV of Project A. This means that benefits generated by Project B are twice greater than Project A. In practice, there are several aspects that can affect the determination of the coefficients. First, the inflation rate is one of the indicators used to identify the coefficient. Basically, considering the inflation rate changes the value of the principal as time progresses. Usually, the interest rate changes the amount that is expected to be gained from an investment when the benefits of the venture are realized in an installment basis. Second, the interest rates are also valuable aspects in determining of the coefficient. This happens when the project is financed by debt. It is imperative that the interest rate will serve as factor. A. Usually, senior executives view the different valuation methods to be similar. The most extensively used among the schemes is the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) because of its inclination to be flexible and accurate. Some instances, however, suggests that several aspects affect the precision of the forecasts. Benchmarking the methods used by the company to its competitors is a viable scheme to arrive at more accurate predictions. The process when correctly manifested enables the company to determine mismatches in performance and strategically determine its position in the industry. Using multiples analysis provides insights that contribute in creating value in the industry. Multiples analysis is often miscomprehended and misused. Several analysts have failed to consider minor details that have great impact on the end result. Given this limitation, the companies can address the deficiency through meticulous designing of the multiples analysis. A prominent design was developed by Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB) which tracks the stock movements among US firms. Another important problem observed in multiples analysis is that the method results to several varying conclusions. Overall, multiples analysis remains as an important component of DCF which accurately determines the future gains of investments. B. One of the main uses of multiples analysis is on predicting the price of stock markets. It assumes that the same prospects apply to the firm being studied. This appears to be limited because such has never been the situation for some firms. Using the same prospect makes the forecasting limited. In effect, it will difficult to arrive at an accurate result. In addition, it has been detected that the method tends to provide unexpected difference. In forecasting, the analyst draws conclusions that will like be observed. Multiples analysis becomes problematic because analysts fail to recognize the important differences after the results have been obtained. Amidst the use of multiples in DCF, its

The Video of the USC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Video of the USC - Essay Example As seen in the video, the students are very responsive and assertive in contributing their knowledge and experiences to the aforementioned issues that have been the matter of a heated debate for several years. The teacher acts as a facilitator throughout the discussion. She also engages in the discussion to reiterate the need to understand these contexts. Her teaching style is relatively effective, as can be inferred from the video, since she welcomes all the points and contentions of the students. Ultimately, the issues of racism, gender and class stratification in society that affect the children are being dealt with in the video in a proper way; the teaching style can be deemed fit to address the issue and to provide an avenue for intellectual fermentation. 2. Analysis and Interpretation of the Video In its totality, the video evokes an inherent complexity about the issues of race, gender and class division in society. These issues affect the quality of education received by the s tudents. There is a structural problem in terms of implementing educational policies, since there is classification between the students and the selection of a manner of teaching can be problematic (McDermott et al 2008, p. 3). As there in attempt to make the kids realize the importance of engaging with these issues, there is a need to look at the relations of the social structures that affect the kids (McDermott et al 2008, p. 5). Is it important, and to what extent? For Rodgers, there is a need to analyze this matter, since it affects the intellectual condition and perception of the kids inside the classroom (2002, p. 231). The teacher-student relationship is considered to be very vital. This vitality is important; there is an intrinsic irony about American democracy where the person aspires to be accepted by others, yet there is dominance of racist practices despite of the attempts to eliminate them (McDermott et al 2008, p. 4). In relation to the video, the aforementioned ideas have been highlighted. The teacher tries to provide a very conducive learning environment that makes the children aware of racism, sexism and economic classification through a synthetic understanding of history and the political-economic structures that linger in society. As pointed out by McDermott et al, this manner implemented by the teacher to address the complexity of the matter shows that there is a need for reformulation of teaching methods. They must take into consideration the capacity of every student regardless of gender, race, and class (2008, p 13). This is considered a good step towards integration and understanding which will eventually abolish the racist and sexist practices that pose a detriment to the students’ learning capacity. Another positive aspect of the video is the very interactive approach that the teacher implements in making the subject matter interesting to the students. This shows a very reflective learning condition, wherein the understanding o f the students regarding the subject is based upon the input of the teacher and allows them to formulate their own approach which highlights independent thinking and critical reasoning (Rodgers 2002, p. 233). The verbal exchange between the stude

Auto world case study- Service Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Auto world case study- Service Marketing - Essay Example Empathy- personalized attention to loyal and regular customers. Separate database maintenance will be established for regular customers who come for routine check up of their cars and no need for them to stand in a queue. Assuming that manual service writing has been replaced with computerized system of entering service orders and creation of database of regular customers with oil and maintenance routine has been put in place at Auto World, the service blueprint will be worked out as follows: (Appendix 2) (Bitner, Ostrom and Morgan 2008) The new service strategy for enhancing service would be to segregate the routine and emergency service customers on the basis of maintained database. As a result, routine customers will be asked to fill a form and let go after taking their cars. Emergency customers would have to detail the service writer about the problem and then place the order. As stated already, cars and their servicing are marked by greater intangibility and thus, bettering this component of the business will definitely bring benefits to Carol. Recovering from service failure will encompass timely deliveries, increased attention to customer expectations and deciding upon who should be involved at which stage and in which process of service delivery (Boshoff 1997). As obvious from case facts, annoying behavior of employees has been a key factor in the failure and bad experience of service in Auto World (Lovelock, Wirtz & Chew 2009). As such, tangible offering will have to be coupled with more of intangible aspects to deliver an optimum service and product mix. One bad service experience in car servicing is error in delivering the worked upon car. For instance, whether manual or computerized entry system, a car was to be delivered to the customer on a specific date but when the customer asked the service agent to confirm the date, it was told incorrect by error. As a result, the customer had to wait

Chapter 9 & 10 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chapter 9 & 10 - Assignment Example Question # 2: P&G has now realized the importance of the social media and already shifted its advertisement budget towards social media. The company needs to increase its budget for social media such as face book, twitter as this media has great influence in the mind of people. P&G should also involve in social causes to attach customers emotionally towards it and to build strong brand images. For that purpose, It can offer scholarships to needy and meritorious people, and help needy people. Question # 3: The world is facing economical crises and the buying power of the consumer is reducing which can be worst in future. This is a significant situation which might affect P&G badly. Moreover, the R&D and marketing cost of P&G is increasing with the passage of time which can be problematic for the company as the world is now searching new techniques to reduce cost. In addition to that, increasing competition in FMCG industry is also the major risk which P&G can face in the future. Case 2: McDonald’s Question # 2: The core brand value of McDonald is its high quality food for customers with speed and convenience. Initially, McDonald was offering quality Hamburger but it expanded its menu with other dishes like Happy Meal, Big Mac, Egg, McMuffin etc. The company started expanding its business domestically as well as internationally due to its premium quality of food. However during 1990s company lost its direction i.e. high premium food. It focused to further expand its network of restaurants. It was not focusing to train employees properly and thus customer faced poor services and started losing the interest from the company. The company realized this situation and refocused its 5Ps and adopted the policy to offer different dishes for different region according to their culture and environment. Through this plan McDonald refocused on food and service quality. It also started offering healthy food due to the increasing concern of customers regarding obesity. I t also included ice-cream and coffee in its menu. Question # 2: McDonald should not change its strategy because the strategy worked well for it. It has refocused on its core values which it lost and had negative response from consumers. Therefore it will be a great risk for McDonald to change its strategies. McDonald has expanded its menu and added great varieties in it. Though its core product was Hamburger but it included new food to attract new segments of the market. Moreover, they have included healthier food in the menu and offer to health conscious people at a premium price. The strategy to offer different food for different markets according to their culture and environment has also worked in favor of McDonald. In addition to that, $1 menu was also the marvelous strategy of McDonald which targeted lower income people and teenagers. Question # 3: McDonalds might face several risks in the future. It is a multinational company which can face treasury risk due to the variation i n US Dollars against major currencies. Global instability in the economical crises might also affect McDonald’s business. Another greater risk that it might face is the entrance of new players in the market. The living standard of the people is increasing and they are going to more delicious and quality food. Therefore, the

Culture and difference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Culture and difference - Essay Example The first perspective is contributors commented on happenings that may or may not need to take consign on speculative justifications as simultaneously to cultural change. This is based on the theoretical evidences that are observed on a daily change occurring in the life of people. The second important explanation provided by the contributors is based on the effect of technology on ecological factors. Growth in technology has a direct effect on the ecology this has been presented with significant justifications. The third and most important theory on this ground is based directly on the direct impact of the nature and role of individual uniqueness, ways of consigning about identity, the position of education to uniqueness and more prejudiced positions including personal indications, explanation on sensory contribution and human. Therefore these are the main topics that deal with theory, change and individual identity. The impact of technology on individual culture is based on this hy pothesis. The impact of technology is spot-lighted with substantial examples and evidences under the discussion below. The effect of technology has many positive aspects in human lives. Technology is accountable for various changes that are featured in the present time. Technology empowers individual abilities and also extends human capacities. Most of the items that are used by a person today like car, eye-glass, phone and computer are technologically advanced items that give people wings to extend the natural capacities. These items are very useful in day to day life of a person and without certain machines human beings find it very difficult to survive. This was not how people used to feel a few decades ago. Technology has entered in human lives in a very broad-way. There are certainly numerous positive features because of which technologically advanced equipments are so easily acceptable by people, however there are

William Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

William Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet Essay â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?† Many people all over the world have heard the expression from William Shakespeare’s play, Romeo and Juliet. The tragedy is about two star crossed lovers who are born into two different families, Juliet’s family, the Capulets and Romeo’s family, the Montague’s. The families have an ancient grudge. Due to this family feud, many drastic events take place involving deceit, sorrow, sacrifice and pain, resulting in the death of both Romeo and Juliet, along with their love. Romeo and Juliet is full of situations and themes to which students are able to relate: friendship, betrayal, feuds, conflict with parents, young love, religion, adolescent hormones, a lack of perspective, desperation, and conflicting loyalties. In this essay, several themes will be connected to Romeo and Juliet using music and cinema, as well as to my life and situations that occur in life or the world. One of the reoccurring themes in Romeo and Juliet is love. The concept of love is portrayed in various parts of the play. The play actually focuses on love and emphasizes how two, innocent lovers endure the pain they go through, what they have to sacrifice and what they do just to keep themselves together. Many references to Romeo and Juliet appear in movies, pop songs, and art frequently. Taylor Swift refers to the play in her hit song, â€Å"Love Story.† Love Story is a song based upon love, and, reflects a story about how two people meet and fall deeply in love which also connects to the theme of family feuding. However, the girl’s father does not approve of the boy and warns the two to keep a steady distance from each other. In Swifts, Love Story†, line (8) says: Little did I know that you were Romeo, you were throwing pebbles and my daddy said, Stay away from Juliet. Based on this piece of the song, it can be related to Juliet’s father warning Romeo to stay away from his daughter and that he would never allow her to be with him. Another example is in lyrics, 17-20 which say: â€Å"So I sneak out to the garden to see you, we keep quiet cause were dead if they knew, so close your eyes, escape this town for a little while.† This line of the song can be strongly connected with the family feud between the Capulets and Montagues. Romeo and Juliet loved each other dearly; however, their families had powerful hate for one another. Therefore, in order for the two lovers  to keep contact with each other, they had to sneak out and meet in various places due to their undeniable love, such as the balcony, Friar Lawrence’s cell, etc. However, the ending of the song is different with the ending of the play. The ending of the song is one that is full of happiness as opposed to the ending of the play which has a melancholy ending. James Cameron’s hit movie, Titanic, also depicts the love two people have for each other and what they endure through it. Titanic is a 1997 American, epic, romantic, disastrous film between a man and woman of different social classes who fall in love aboard the ship during its ill-fated maiden voyage. Even though, Titanic is an example of melodrama and Romeo and Juliet is an example of dramatic literature, they both connect with one another according to the theme of love, separation, and family feuds. In Titanic, Rose and Jack withstand forbidden/ socially unacceptable love. Rose Bukater is a wealthy woman and comes from a family with upper class. On the other hand, Jack Dawson is a poor man, who does not have much to offer to Rose. Therefore, Rose’s mother forbids her to stop meeting Jack since they will never be of the same kind. This can be connected to the family feud of Romeo and Juliet, between the Montagues and Capulets as they also forbid their son and daughter from seeing each other. Another example of how Titanic ties in with the theme of parting in Romeo and Juliet is when both couples (Rose and Jack and Romeo and Juliet) are separated from one another for a short period of time by fate or circumstances beyond their control. In Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is banished from Verona for killing Tybalt, Juliet’s cousin. On the other hand, in Titanic, Jack is framed as a thief for â€Å"stealing† a diamond necklace that belonged to Rose. Due to this, Jack was forbidden to meet with Rose again, who were separated for some time. Shakespeare’s, Romeo and Juliet, relates to the youth of today or situations that occur presently, in various ways. People fall in love every day; there are still families who dislike and argue over each other. Many people are forbidden from seeing someone that is close to them but they still meet secretly, just like Romeo and Juliet. Students whose families are not feuding with another can relate to having a conflict of interests with  their parents. For example, my best friend’s aunt, Tami, fell deeply in love with a man her father strongly disapproved of. Therefore, she secretly meets him without anyone knowing. In conclusion, the play, Romeo and Juliet demonstrates many themes that are portrayed throughout different parts of the play. Connections with different pieces of work that deal with music and films can be made clearly. Love Story, by Taylor Swift and James Cameron’s, Titanic, beautifully describes examples about the storyline of Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliet can be correlated with situations in life today, that teach us about love and mistakes some people make.

Obsession in the gothic Essay Example for Free

Obsession in the gothic Essay To what extent do you agree that obsession is a significant element in the gothic writing you have studied? The word obsession means the domination of ones thoughts or feelings by a persistent idea, image or desire. With this in mind, both Faustus and Frankenstein show symptoms of monomania in relation to academic obsession. Similarly, in ‘The Bloody Chamber’ the characters that experience obsession are also male, however they are driven by a different obsession: sexual desire. In the prologue of ‘Doctor Faustus’ it already begins to establish Faustus’ thirst for knowledge and how this resulted in his tragic downfall. Firstly, the Chorus compares Faustus to the Icarus myth â€Å"his waxen wings did mount above his reach†, which suggests that Faustus’ fixation with necromancy is not a power he is supposed to possess, and that his fate will end similarly to Icarus. Furthermore, it states that Faustus â€Å"glutted† for â€Å"learning†. The word gluttony highlights that Faustus’ obsession for knowledge can only result in tragedy because it’s one of the seven deadly sins, and also indicates how extreme Faustus’ obsession is. This is because gluttony’s definition is to gorge yourself with something, and is often to the extent of harm. However, you could argue that Faustus’ greed is not completely based around academic knowledge, and he actually desires rival God in terms of power and knowledge. For instance, when Faustus is listing what he would â€Å"most, desires† he wanted strength that â€Å"exceeded†¦. the mind of man† and was in comparison to â€Å"a mighty god. † In comparison, Frankenstein also overstepped his reach in pursuit of his obsession, and comments that Robert should â€Å"learn† from his mistakes, and that it is â€Å"dangerous† for men who â€Å"aspire to become greater than this nature will allow. † These short quotations show us the viewpoint of Shelley during this period on enlightenment, as she was trying to symbolise a moral and didactic message throughout Frankenstein as a warning of all the forthcomings of what could happen if the exploration of science and knowledge became an obsession. For example, Frankenstein deliberately makes the creature monstrous by making him â€Å"proportionally large† at about â€Å"eight feet in height† because he wanted to finish his creation as soon as possible, and didn’t think about the consequences this would have for the creature when he actually succeeded in bring him to life. On the other hand, in â€Å"The Bloody Chamber† whilst obsession is not as significant as the other two texts, Carter uses masculine sexual obsession to critique how patriarchal our society still is. For example, in ‘The Snow Child† she is called the â€Å"child of his desire†. He wishes for her to be beautiful and nothing else, so it is clear that he is interested only in her appearance and her value as a sexual object. Furthermore, once she has fulfilled her purpose of becoming a sexual object, she dies. This could be Carter symbolizing that once a woman tries to become the objection of a mans obsessions and desires, it becomes impossible for her to ever live up to expectations, and therefore a death sentence.

Introduction About Competitive Advantage Commerce Essay

Introduction About Competitive Advantage Commerce Essay First of all, I would like to define what is competitive advantage? Competitive advantage will be exists when the company is able to deliver the same benefit as what the competitors delivering but in a lower cost (cost advantage), or deliver benefit that exceed these of competing products (differentiation advantage). Thus, competitive advantages give the company capable to create great value for its customers and great profits for itself. As what Michael Porter mentioned two basic types of competitive advantage are the Cost advantage and Differentiation advantage. Cost competitive advantage. To achieve this kind of advantage in the company all what the company should do is to offer the better products to the customers with reduced cost compared to the competitors. For example, HP has achieved sustainable cost competitive advantage over all its competitors by being able to produce highly quality laptops at a cheaper rate. Differentiation competitive advantage The organization can achieved Differentiation competitive advantage if it is can make better values with its competitors. Distinctive Competencies Value Creation Resources Cost Advantage Or Differentiation Advantage Capabilities Figure 1: Competitive advantage Models As we have in Figure 1describes a competitive advantage model. we have seen from the model combination of the organizational human resources and material resources and capabilities forms the distinctive abilities to make the organization able to make a difference with respect the cost advantage of differentiation advantage, which will creates values for the organization and the customers. This is a good way based on the theory that more benefit to the company itself to reach a goal continually, like in the company, we should have quality and capability compare with the competitor. How Competitive Advantage helps to the Hewlett- Packard Company. HP Company one of those IT companies which is biggest in all over the world with quarterly yearly about $97.1 billion .This company able to remain this great record in the competitive advantage over the competitors. The sustainable competitive advantage able to achieve the benefit for the company with many ways that does not has other choice except sustaining like this record. Gain of the competitive advantage has increased the companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s revenue well. In 2006, HP achieved better revenue about $91.7 billion, in the same time the revenue of IBM about $91.4 billion, as for the revenue of the company in 2007, became much better about $104 billion, and it became the first IT company arrived to revenue more than $100 billion, and it continued to progress did not stop at this level, acquisition of the EDS in 2008, also jacked up the revenue to $118.4 billion. The competitive advantage start gained and afforded since HP attributed to leadership position in the world technology with groups strategically assigned to drive industry leadership in the main technology areas. The Personal Systems group is responsible about the work station, mobile computing equipments and PCs that coming from lead the business and consumer. As for the imaging and printing group their responsibly is how to get the successful for record in forms of printing devices, as for the imaging and printing group their responsibly is how to get the successful for record in forms of printing devices. The performance of these HP groups makes HP Company almost the best among of its equals. In January 2010 a report from Gartner and IDC Market Research Firms, there is a wide gap between HP and Dell. HB was the 6th largest world software company. As for 2008, it was global leadership position in laser, Jacket, large format and multifunction printers market and the second IT service provider throughout the world. All these results did not come by chance, but this company got these result by maintain some degree of superiority on the competitors. In the end we can get one thing that, all the benefits the company got is based on the competitive advantage. Analysis of Competitive Advantage in HP Company. The HP Company has an ability to afford and achieve competitive advantage well-deserved. The company took the way that to Simplifies the technological experiments for the customers. This is including to all the services start from printing, personal computing, services, software and IT infrastructure, this is very important to let all HP products usable and with simply from the users. There is only one way can analyze HP competitive advantage is by discussion of HP values, where HP values are associated with the set out by the founding HP leaders. Those unique ways underscoring for the decision-making as for the advancement of the firm it is just like a map, and HP pioneers based on the corporate culture on integration and reinforcement from critical opposites position. The useful thing from this practice is, use the benefits of the approaches as the case and Balancing associated risks, and also there is another way the competitive advantage of HP Company is through developing cross functional individuals. Unlike other companies that just hire staffs and train them for a specific job requirement to be assigned to such staffs throughout their stay in the organization, HP makes sure that all her employees move more than four to six functional areas with the company to allow them to work more than one departments of the company and thereby effectively managing the organizational knowledge through effective sharing among its staffs. It has been widely agreed that in this knowledge era, effective knowledge management will surely lead to achievement of competitive advantage. The reason to make HP Company strong is the quest for developing the employee, because the developing of the employees very important to progress the company, so because of this reason the company able to achieve effective organizational in 2004, Miller recognized that since 1980, became too busy with all the employee retraining program that call (SJS) Software Job Skills. The company quested to retraining employees who may naturally be laid-off, that makes the company to be able to afford its competitive advantage when the employees every time continue to be relevant and compliant with the new trend organizational need and employees are considered important in the performance of every organization. Organizational competitiveness is coming by implementation of knowledge management and its benefits. Knowledge management helps to reduce the product cost as a result of the possibility of re usability; this allows the organization to be able to offer services of the same quality even better than that of its competitive at a relatively low cost. This is important way to gaining competitive advantage. In addition, the implementation of knowledge management brought about better employee productivity and coordination which has a positive result which effect on organizational performance, also have another important factor in everywhere is service deliver powered by the real time communication facility. As HP has wise saying as following If only HP know what HP knows! It means that the required knowledge and skills for solving your problem resides somewhere within the company. This means that the company has achieved a lot through effective communication. All these account for achieving sustainable competitive advantage. According to Lava, Feyhl and Kakourus (2005), the business supply chain cant achieve to using only the Operation Research or from the global era, this methods is move faster in the business environment, will require a lot of time which might result in to delay in the service delivery and thereby negatively affect customer satisfaction. Planning of HP came out with that which is combines the optimization ability. HP have a same opinion that the risk that related with the product by the demand, the component of price and uncertainty the stock and all of the company influence the revenue and profits. Based on Ngali, Hwang, Sanghera, Gaskins, Pridgan, Thuvston, Mackenvoth, Branvold, Scholler, and Shoemaker (2008), the management group that made by HP and they develop and build that model by mathematics, the business process and software to planning and developing risk by the product. This is having a lot of advantages for the company. Since 2006, HP can get $ 7 billion from the spending by saving the cost from $ 128 million. This is made a benefit for the company and gives the contribution to the competitive advantage continually from the company. The products of HP are always better than that of its competitors and such a refinery and marked a second from time to time to meet the changing technical needs of customers. Only in November 2009, HP Storage Works XP9000 introduced new network storage as a system that is designed primarily to meet the bullish trend to the explosive growth of data and to improve the performance of applications using the file based outside a measure of engaging has the ability to manage information more efficiently use a space name alone. This brought the companys most popular networking in the community since such creativity is required in virtually all organizations that deal with large data. The work of a very efficient storage in data storage is known for the relatively low leisure time.

Reflexivity in Ethnographic Research and Writing :: Ethnography Anthropology Essays

Reflexivity in Ethnographic Research and Writing The role of reflexivity in ethnographic research and writing has certain advantages and limits, as it gives the discipline of anthropology another form of interpreting ethnographies. Reflexivity, in terms of work of anthropology, is to insist that anthropologists systematically and rigorously reveal their methodology and themselves as the instrument of data generation. It is the self-consciousness or the work's ability to see itself as a work. There are various styles of reflexivity in ethnographic writing and Dorinne Kondo, Renato Rosaldo, and George Marcus are three anthropologists that influenced the role of reflexivity through their ethnographies. George Marcus describes reflexivity as the â€Å"self-critique, the personal quest, playing on the subjective, the experiential, and the idea of empathy† (Marcus 193). In Ethnography through thick and thin, Marcus writes that the emergence of the different styles of reflexivity in ethnographic writing has come to stand for the influence of postmodernism. In brief, according to the Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology (1996), post-modernism is defined as an eclectic movement, originating in aesthetics- architecture and philosophy. Postmodernism espouses a systematic skepticism of grounded theoretical perspective. It concentrates on the tensions of difference and similarity erupting from the globalization processes: circulation via people, cross-cultural interaction, interaction of local and global knowledge. Postmodernism manifests historical perspective of modernism and modernity. Reflexivity emphasizes the point of theoretical and practical questioning, changing the ethnographers view of themselves and their work. There is an increased awareness of the collection of data and the limitation of methodological systems. This idea becomes inherent in the postmodernists study of the culture of the anthropologist/ethnographer. In much of his essay, Marcus shows that reflexivity is an immense area of comment and interest by questioning: Is reflexivity a license or a method? Furthermore, he writes that reflexivity opens up â€Å"the possibility for the so-called polyphonic text or the completely collaborative project, but more often than not, it merely reinforces the perspective and voice of the lone, introspective fieldworker without challenging the paradigm of ethnographic research at all (Marcus 193). Marcus categorizes reflexivity into three parts: feminist, sociological, and anthropological. Although all are important in understanding Marcus’ work, I will discuss the anthropological reflexivity. Marcus believes that the most interesting form of self-critical reflexivity in anthropology is one that â€Å"emphasizes the intertextual or diverse fields of representation that any contemporary project of ethnography enters and crosses in order to establish its own subject and to define its own voice† (Marcus 196).

Ian Crichton Smith :: essays research papers

Grief is a state of powerful emotion, when friends and relatives are plagued with guilt and regret over unspoken words and wasted moments. This is the emotive basis for the powerful poem 'You'll take a bath' by Scot's poet Iain Crichton Smith. Throughout the poem Crichton Smith successfully creates a haunting portrayal of his guilt-laden grief over his mother's final years and the role he played in her neglect. This neglect is evident in the vivid image of his mother's home combined with her frailty. Crichton Smith adds to this his own role in failing to rescue her and subsequently emphasises the extent to which he is plagued by regret.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The poem is divided into three stanzas, the first dealing with Smith's memories of the past when his mother was alive; whilst the remaining two explore the present. The first stanza, dealing with the past, is twice as long as the remaining two. It may therefore be assumed that Crichton Smith uses the structure to reflect the fact that to him the past seems more substantial or dominant than the present.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crichton Smith initially uses the first stanza to convey then threatening nature of his mothers tenement home, referring to:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  'the second turning of the stony stair.' At this point, Crichton Smith effectively employs alliteration on the words 'stony' and 'stair.' Using harsh sounds to emphasise the harsh nature of the place. In addition to this the poet also uses the phrase 'stony stair.' Which also has double meaning - referring both to the cold hard stone and also to threatening looks from other inhabitants. Furthermore we are told that this cold harsh location had been vandalised. The phrase   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  'graffiti were black letters in a book.' The word choice of 'were' used out of context emphasises the volume of vandalism .This is supported by the effective imagery of 'letters in a book' suggesting that the graffiti covered the wall from top to bottom as in 'a book.'. Crichton Smith adds to the sense of menace by describing the writing a 'misspelt and menacing'. At this point, the poet employs words which have connotations of threatening ignorance. Such techniques are successfully combined to convey an image of a place that is both harsh and threatening.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The concept of the malign nature of the tenement is developed throughout the first stanza with Crichton Smith exploring his own role in his mother's confinement. He tells the reader that whilst he drove away, his mother would 'wave from the window.

Despite the Australian context, The Removalists, is able to dramatize convincingly issues, which are relevant to any society

In the play, The Removalists, Williamson uses the Australian context to help dramatize various convincing issues, which are relevant to society. The use of typical colloquial language and idioms in the play are the only features particularly related to the Australian context. Other features such as setting, stagecraft, lighting, and costumes remain common and universal to all society. Together with the characters of Simmond, Ross, Kate, Kenny, Fiona and the removalist, the central themes of power, authoritarianism, violence, confrontation between sexes and prejudice are well illustrated. It is through The Removalists that Williamson make the audience aware of the corruption in society and contrary within life. The title of the play, The Removalists, directly and metaphorically suggests the police are â€Å"removing† the scandals from society through which abusive power is used. It also implies that the corruption of authorities and power within public forces is being removed from the control of law and order. These ideas of power are enhanced through characters and series of incidents of the play. The imbalance power relation is directly introduced in the beginning of the play when Simmond was â€Å"auditioning† Ross for his duty in the police force. Immediately, Simmond's relaxed sitting position in contrast with Ross' uncomfortable and uneasy standing position depicts the different power status between the two. The motion of Simmond â€Å"circling† Ross further distinguishes the different amount of power and authority held by each character. Other than the application of stagecraft, physical body language also plays an important part in portraying social issues. As particularly highlighted by the character of Simmonds, it is common that power and violence, some of which are illegal and invalid, are being overused within the society for various reasons. In the case of Simmonds, he viciously and repulsively beats up Kenny in order to gain power, establish control and obtain his desires and wants. His continuous use of violence and power throughout the play reflects the obsession of power within society. People are often blinded by the sense of power and authority that they simply strive greedily and endlessly for power and neglect the serious possible consequences that may bring in return. The sudden explosion of violence of Ross on helpless Kenny shows that everyone in society, even those of the least expected, do possess a certain kind of aggressive instinct within his/herself. This idea is enhanced through suspension atmosphere and the imagination of the audience while the violent bloody scene between the two characters occurred off stage. The use of silence and pause after the bashing furthermore creates tension, which highlights the hidden power and ability within people in society such as Ross. The misuse of authority and abusive violence by officials are prominently examined in The Removalists, mainly through the characters of Sergeant Simmonds and Constable Ross. The two police officers use Kenny as a punching bag in order to work out on their repressions and frustrations, and they can do so because they have come to take their own power as a matter of course. This effectively reflects that there are tremendous prejudices and pressures towards conformity in Australian society, which is reinforced by an implied threat of violence. Williamson also explores the unbalanced power held between different classes. For instance, as depicted by the character of Kate, who belongs to a wealthy high-class family, tends to have power and control over her sister, Fiona, who belongs to a rather low-class one. This is also reflected through the contrasting costumes wore by the two as Kate is â€Å"more expensively dressed and more elegant than her younger sister†, who has â€Å"an easy innocent sensuality†. Not only does Kate often manipulate and took advantage of Fiona's innocence, but Simmond also dominates Fiona and the prostitutes at the brothel. This shows that the ones positioned at the top of the hierarchy tend to hold control and scrutinize those at the bottom of the hierarchy. The attempt of solving problems with more violence in the end of the play after Kenny's death shows that part of society is tremendously corrupted by violence. Once a pattern of violence is accepted for any circumstances, it becomes acceptable in all circumstances. As a result, people will subconsciously apply violence in an uncontrollable manner just as â€Å"the fight almost takes on the air of frenzied ritual of exorcism†. Insults, assaults and aggressive use of words can also be seen as violence, as shown by Simmonds, who more often attack others verbally. He speaks of strong, harsh language, often containing swearwords and black irony in his speech to challenge and insult his target opponents. Perhaps in Simmonds' attitude to his junior, Constable Ross, especially after Kenny's death, aggression is expressed by the old towards the young. This reflects the deep and bitter resentment felt by the old against the challenge to their moral and institutional power. Knowledge and experiences are another important aspects, through which power is established. For instance, Kenny uses the knowledge of Kate's private life and adultery to gain control over Kate. Similarly, the power of the removalist is neither exerted nor influenced in any way for he holds evidences and knowledge of real situation and the illegal violence involved. He is prepared to use this power of knowledge if his status is being threatened. It is also this power of knowledge that Simmond has over Ross, Kate and Fiona's background that places him at a higher and more powerful status. The community itself is partially responsible for such corruption in society, as they are the ones who tolerated such to occur. The removalist is a representation of this, as he refuses to help out or get involved into the bloody situation between the police officers and Kenny, instead he allows the scene to happen. The attitude of the removalist being â€Å"if nobody interferes with me then I don't interfere with nobody†. This effectively reflects not only the attitude of the community against illegal acts and conducts but also shows their selfishness and ignorance. The victims, who are mistreated and encountered unfairness, are also to be blamed as they are often reluctant to complain or take legal action because they fear reprisals of one sort or another. The community simply has a natural unwillingness to cross swords with established power such as the police force. The result of their impotent rage will in turn be expressed in fresh acts of violence on other victims. Those law-abiding and decent members of the force are another factor that helps to give immunity to criminally violent police. As represented by Constable Ross, the decent members generally failed to take actions necessary to halt their law-breaking colleagues. Instead help the unlawful ones to cover up or even participate in the abusive violence with others. This is further enhanced by the removalist's rhetorical claim, â€Å"Do you think they'd [the police] come down and collar their own mates?†. Unlike a regular violent incident, police brutality embodies a corruption of the law itself. When the law itself is the culprit, people in the community have no security and no avenue of redress. On the other hand, in the past people's view and attitude towards â€Å"wife bashing† is rather negative. It is a common saying at the time that † Never arrest a wife basher if he missus is still warm†. At the level not so much of approval, but rather of unthinking social acceptance, is that the male-female relationship is rested on a frightening sub-stratum of violence. The popular language of sex is violent. The deep repression and frustrations expressed by Sergeant Simmonds in his outburst against Kate and Fiona are endemic in this culture. The society's code of aggressive masculinity involves the positive isolation of women in their role as sexual objects. This implies an inhuman violence in sexual relationships, against which women are fighting and protesting for in recent years. The continuous change of power among characters throughout the play effectively suggests that power is mostly created, recreated, depoliticized and routinized within one's language and action. This is displayed as Simmond's control over situation fluctuates as Ross and Kate challenges repeatedly challenges his power. Kate mainly gains her power by sharing with Simmond. Her approach of sitting on Simmond's desk and letting him to place his arm around her, are evidential of the loss and gain of power between individuals in society. Moreover, Williamson explores subtle ideas in regards to the prejudice and racism in society. This is depicted through insulting language and name-calling to those that are different to the norm in society and with a different ethnic background. For instance, Christians are being named â€Å"mick†, which is just as insulting to the extent of calling Afro-Americans â€Å"negro†. This reflects that certain unfair and irrational conventions in society are passed on from the past and remains in present days. Through the character, stagecraft and playwright, Williamson prominently provoked many subtle ideas and social issues. As he examines and manipulates different forms of power in the play, Williamson proficiently convey the idea that â€Å"power is a cancer that eats at the heart of all civilized society†. In order to overcome such corruption in societies, the most realistic solutions lie in the fields of education, and more humane, and human-centered urban development. Through The Removalists, Williamson not only highlighted many social issues, but also more importantly, initiated in the field of education to provoke the community of their wrongs and fraud.

Biblical Archaeology: Dating Techniques

As our civilization grows, there is also a growing passion for knowledge of the past. Archaeology is fast becoming one of the popular sciences. Most archeological finds are composed of shreds of pottery or ceramics. As archeology and modern science progress many dating techniques are being developed to be used on these fragile artefacts in order to give us a brief glimpse of our past. Many techniques are now available which allow the detailed physical and chemical characterization of ceramic artefacts.Given a suitable archaeological sample it is now possible to determine many aspects of technology, provenance, and, in some cases, its use. Several dating techniques used in archeology are superposition, artifacts of known age, stratigraphy, dendrochronology and thermoluminescence. This paper shall focus on Ceramic Analysis using three of these techniques: Dendrochronology, Radiocarbon dating and Thermoluminescence. Carbon 14 Radiocarbon dating or Carbon-14 dating is the determination o f the approximate age of an ancient object, such as an archaeological specimen, by measuring the amount of carbon 14 it contains.Radiocarbon dating was discovered by a team of scientists led by Prof. Willard Libby of the University of Chicago after World War II. Since plants and animals take up carbon-14 during their lifetime. The amount of carbon-14 in them exists in equilibrium with the C14 concentration of the atmosphere and the ratio of C-14 to C-12 remains about the same as the ratio in the atmosphere. As soon as a plant or animal dies, they cease the metabolic function of carbon uptake; there is no replenishment of radioactive carbon, only decay.This rate of decay was calculated by Libby’s team to be 5568 years per half-life, this means that half the C14 in the original sample will have decayed after 5568 years and after another 5568 years, half of that remaining material will have decayed, and so on. This rate of decay is what is now know as Libby’s half-life wh ich he measured at 5568 ±30 years. The true advantage of the radiocarbon method is its capability to be uniformly applied throughout the world , this is probably the primary reason why it is one of the most widely used and best-known absolute dating methods.However, it is not without its flaws, radiocarbon dating has the following limitations: 1. that after 10 half-lives there is a very small amount of radioactive carbon present in a sample, at about 50,000-60,000 years radiocarbon dating becomes inaccurate. 2. the ratio of C-14 to C-12 in the atmosphere is not constant. This variation is due to changes in the intensity of the cosmic radiation bombardment of the Earth, the 1950’s nuclear testing and the depletion of the Ozone layer.3. in rare cases, a â€Å"reservoir effect† will give C-14 dates that are much older than the true age of the sample because â€Å"some plants and animals live in very unusual environments whose C-14 content is much lower than normal. â⠂¬  4. Contamination of the sample also limits the accuracy of Radiocarbon dating as when porous samples contain recently living material with a full â€Å"charge† of C-14. Finally, Radiocarbon dating can only be used on living organisms. DendrochronologyDendrochronology is the science that uses tree rings dated to their exact year of formation to analyze temporal and spatial patterns of processes in the physical and cultural sciences. Its main function in archaeology is to use tree rings to date when timber was felled, transported, processed, or used for construction or wooden artefacts such as a beam or pole of an ancient structure. The principle behind using tree-rings is that â€Å"tree-ring sequences from trees that grow in a seasonal climate, i. e., with one growth increment per year, with the size of that growth dependent upon some climatic stimulus such as cold in the Polar regions, drought in the Aegean, and various combinations of the two stimuli in regions in bet ween, can be compared so that these increments, more popularly known as â€Å"rings,† can be dated to the calendar year in which they were formed. † Aside from the principle of using tree-rings, the use of Dendrochronology is governed by several other principles, these set of scientific rules must be adhered to in order for the result to be flawless.There is the Uniformitarian Principle which states that â€Å"physical and biological processes that link current environmental processes with current patterns of tree growth must have been in operation in the past,† the Principle of Limiting Factors which states that â€Å"rates of plant processes are constrained by the primary environmental variable that is most limiting,† The Principle of Aggregate Tree Growth which states that â€Å"any individual tree-growth series can be â€Å"decomposed† into an aggregate of environmental factors, both human and natural, that affected the patterns of tree growth over time,† The Principle of Ecological Amplitude stating that a specie of trees â€Å"may grow and reproduce over a certain range of habitats, referred to as its ecological amplitude,† the Principle of Sites Selection which states that â€Å"hat sites useful to dendrochronology can be identified and selected based on criteria that will produce tree-ring series sensitive to the environmental variable being examined,† the Principle of Cross-dating which states that â€Å"matching patterns in ring widths or other ring characteristics (such as ring density patterns) among several tree-ring series allow the identification of the exact year in which each tree ring was formed. † and the Principle of Replication which states â€Å"that the environmental signal being investigated can be maximized, and the amount of â€Å"noise† minimized, by sampling more than one stem radius per tree, and more than one tree per site,† the application of which is not limited to Dendrochronology only.The methodology used in Dendrochronology is cross-dating, or matching patterns of ring-growth from one tree to another and assigning rings to specific years, however, this possible only among trees growing in the same general climatic region. The good thing about dendrochronology on the other hand, is that cross-dating can sometimes be achieved in spite of human interference to ring-growth such as thinning of stands, resin-gathering, fire damage, and other traumas such as severe weather effects, pollution or lightning damage, not to mention shaping of the wood at the time of construction and decay afterward. Furthermore, visual and statistical techniques are employed to guarantee the accuracy of the matches and in addition to simple ring-width analysis, X-ray densitometric methods are used to reconstruct past environmental conditions.It is also possible that wood or charcoal samples taken from standing buildings or excavated from archaeological site s be crossdated with each other and with wood from living trees to extend the tree-ring chronology beyond the date of the oldest ring of the oldest living tree in the region. Scientists believe that the best advantage of dendrochronology is that it is the only archaeometric technique where determination of absolute dates accurate to the year is either theoretically or practically possible, but, just like any other method of dating artefacts, it suffers from several limitations. The following limits the use or accuracy of Dendrochronology: 1. in some areas of the world, particularly in the tropics, the species available do not have sufficiently distinct seasonal patterns that can be used 2.in cases where the right species are available, the wood must be well enough preserved that the rings are readable to the point that there must be at least 30 intact rings on any one sample. 3. in order to produce an accurate result, it is necessary to have samples of timber that retained their bar k, so that it is clear which ring was the outermost when it was felled. 4. it can only be used if there is an existing master strip for that area and species; if the only master chronology available for the region is oak, cross-matching with timbers of these other species cannot be relied on. 5. use of this technique is also limited on how far back in the past things can be dated with tree rings although bristle cone pine trees can live to 9,000 years, this is a very rare phenomenon. 6.â€Å"sapwood is highly susceptible to decay particularly by beetle larvae and as a â€Å"result all sapwood may have been removed from the accessible surfaces of timbers during building repairs and conservation work, making it impossible to determine when the timber was felled. † 7. it may give inaccurate results on the actual date of the structure if it so happens that the date the timber was felled is not necessarily the date that the building was constructed or that the timber used was imp orted from another area. 8. in some places, prehistoric people may have built their structures using timber however, in most of the world that did not begin to happen until about 4,000 to 5,000 years ago.Thermoluminiscence Thermoluminescence dating is the determination by means of measuring the accumulated radiation dose of the time elapsed since the material containing crystalline minerals was either heated or exposed to sunlight. The application ranges from â€Å"Lower Paleolithic to Neolithic archaeological sites, with a major focus on the Middle Paleolithic, which is often beyond the range of the radiocarbon method. † The principle behind this unique dating technique is based on the â€Å"storage of information about the absorbed radiation in inorganic crystals. † It is based on structural damage and faults to the crystal lattice of minerals by ionizing radiation.The sources for this omnipresent radiation are radioactive nuclides from the surrounding sediment and f rom the sample itself, as well as secondary cosmic rays. Thus a radiation dose accumulates in the crystal in the form of electrons in excited states, of which some are metastable and thus resident over periods of time long enough to allow a dating application. During the first heating of the artefact, if the temperature is high enough (400 ° C), the drainage is sufficient to relax all electrons relevant to the luminescence method used; that is, the clock is set to zero and through the years it starts to accumulate natural radiation, upon its second heating it releases all this stored radiation in terms of thermoluminescent light.The released light is then correlated to the absorbed radiation which is then correlated to the archeological age. In practice, knowledge of the composition of the artefact is of importance since the nature or chemical composition of it, as explained above, determines the amount of natural radioisotopes present in it. These natural radioisotopes are respon sible for the greater part of the radiation that is absorbed. If the composition of the artefact is known, then the archeological age of the artefact can be computed by using the â€Å"total amount of absorbed radiation divided by the absorbed dose through internal and external radiation per year. †The greatest advantage of Thermoluminescence dating over other methods is not only the direct association of the event with past human activity on a linear time scale, but also its smaller vulnerability to unknown variation of certain parameters. However, Thermoluminescence dating is still prone to errors and inaccuracies. The evaluation and publishing of results must be done with due care and must meet with certain standards which includes the presentation of glow curves, heating- and DE-plateaus, growth curve(s) and the determination of the alpha sensitivity of each sample. Also, equal care has to be taken in the evaluation of parameters prone to variation with time. ConclusionEa ch of the three dating techniques discussed has its own peculiar way of finding the archaeological era that a sample was created or may have died: Radiocarbon depends on decay, Dendrochronology depends upon growth and thermoluminescence depends upon absorption. The three techniques however different they may be are still connected by a linear timeline, when the accuracy of one technique ends, another begins. Dendrochronology can only be used as long as there are master strips which may reach only up to a maximum of 9,000 years old, results obtained through Radiocarbon, on the other hand, can only be accurate up to 50,000-60,000 years old while Thermoluminescence dating ranges from 10,000 to 230,000 years old. The three dating techniques discussed have their own advantages and disadvantages.In the end, the scientist is the one who weighs all the pro’s and the con’s of any technique and he is given the discretion on what technique to use which he thinks is more appropria te and shall give out more accurate findings. BIBLIOGRAPHY Berger, Thomas. Thermoluminescence Dating: A Brief Overview. http://www. ati. ac. at/~vanaweb/papers/archview. pdf Fagan, Brian M. and George H. Michaels. Dating Techniques in Archaeology. http://www. mc. maricopa. edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/archy/dating/datingtech. html#Dendrochronology Freestone, Ian. Ceramic Analysis. http://ads. ahds. ac. uk/catalogue/adsdata/cbaoccpap/pdf/117/11710001. pdf Grissino-Mayer, Henri D. Principles of Dendrochronology. http://web. utk. edu/~grissino/principles. htm Higham, Thomas. The Method. http://www. c14dating. com/int. html Hirst, Kris K.Radiocarbon Dating Method. http://archaeology. about. com/od/rterms/g/radiocarbon. htm Kuniholm, Peter Ian. Dendrochronology. http://www. arts. cornell. edu/dendro/ajatext. html Richter, Daniel. Advantages and Limitations of Thermoluminescence of Heated Flint from Paleolithic Sites. http://www. eva. mpg. de/evolution/staff/richter/pdf/07-RichterGeoarchae ology. pdf Robinson, B. A. How does Carbon-14 Dating (C-14) Work? Is it Accurate and Reliable?. http://www. religioustolerance. org/c14dats. htm Taylor, Jonathan. Dendrochronology in Dating Timber Framed Building and Structures. http://www. buildingconservation. com/articles/dendrochron/dendro. htm

Stylistic Analysis : “a Cup of Tea” by K.Mansfield

Written by ASUMAN BIRDAL STYLISTIC ANALYSIS : â€Å"A CUP OF TEA† by K. Mansfield The common view that a literary text is likely to be comprehended better if it is studied in parallel with stylistic analysis which emphasizes the crucial role of the linguistic features of the text contributes much to the development of literary criticism. M. A. K. Halliday is one of the text linguists who sees ‘grammar’ as a network of systems of relationships which account for all the semantically relevant choices in language, which is the standpoint of the stylistic analysis as well. In the light of M. A. K. Halliday’s discipline, I will try to analyse a piece of literary text written by Katherina Mansfield in the format of a short story titled â€Å"A CUP OF TEA† and try to criticise the text objectively in relation to its grammatical (functional) features . Before this , I’d like to give a brief information about the content of the story. A. INFORMATION ABOUT THE STORY Scanning the story first, we come across with a rich couple named Rosemary and Philip leading an untroubled, desirable life and they seem to love each other since- we have no implication whether they love each other for money or not – and everything goes well in their lives. Rosemary spends money without getting into trouble and giving no reason or excuse to her husband in doing this. Everyone in a society admires Rosemary not maybe for her beauty but for her remarkable features such as being interested in current movements from every aspects, seeming as an intelligent young woman, reading the modern books. Philip is not as bright as Rosemary but he makes himself realize as soon as he enters the story towards the end. Apart from the couple, there is a girl who meets Rosemary in a street by asking for money to have a cup of tea then is picked up by her to have a cup of tea at her home and begins to be directed by her. We infer this from the fact that whenever Rosemary wants her to enter the scene she is there but when, at the last scene, Rosemary is jealous of her, the girl is easily disappearad without giving no sign for us to follow the reason of her disappearance. And we have one more character having a part in the story :the shopman. He is also under the effect of Rosemary; we can understand this from his polite behaviours which are made obvious in the text with circumstantial features. But he is the person also who utilizes by the weakness of her. He tries to draw her attraction on the enamel box and succeeds it; he promises her to keep the box for her because he knows her and he knows that she will come to buy it; she has the power of money and gets whatever she desires without acconting for anything to anybody. Not only we encounter with her weakness in her dialogue with the shopman but also in her being jealous of Miss Smith when he utters lovely words for this girl and behaves as it is predicted by Philip who knows directing her and makes her behave as he desires taking advantage of her faulty character successfully. In that sense Philip is an intelligent man and effective on Rosemary who is also obviously the symbol of possessive female by being jealous of the girl she has met in the street; so she has no self-confidence ,she is a little bit credulous. She asks directly-having no hidden meaning in her words- ‘Am I PRETTY? ’, which ironically reveals her ex-behaviours to Philip even she supposes that Philip is not aware of the truth. B. ANALYSIS When we look at the story from the point of ‘transitivity functions’ included in the stylistic analysis which tell us about the language and its reflection on processes ,participants ,circumstantial functions we realize that main participant is ‘ Rosemary’ and most of the processes are acted by her. When we count all the sentences describing her or the ones in which she takes place we realize her dominancy at once. The other participants I’d like to analyse on this text -apart from ‘Rosemary’- are the girl,Miss Smith, and Philip. Even though Philip hasn’t got as many turns as Rosemary and Miss Smith, I’d like to examine the processes of him in order to display the currents of events as a whole- he is the efficient figure in the sequences of events in the story-; in other words it is vital to handle it here to maintain the entirety of the text. To do this I will follow M. A. K. Halliday’s process in which ‘Ideational’, ‘Interpersonal’, ‘Textual’ Functions of language are daelt with in order to support all my commentations on Katherine Mansfield’s work.

Week 7 Homework Quiz

Business Valuations – Homework ES 1. (TCO G) A valuation professional who holds a CVA has the credentials of a: (Points : 2) Continuous valuation analyst. Cost valuation of assets. x Certified valuation analyst. None of the above is correct 2. (TCO G) If a shareholder in a closely held business sells his or her stock, the valuation professional typically would: (Points : 2) Increase the value somewhat to get the minority owner out of the business. Do a standard professional valuation in which the minority interest issue is ignored. Discount the value somewhat to reflect the diminished value of being a minority interest holder. Always use a historical cost basis analysis to take conservatism into account. None of the above is correct. 3. (TCO G) The most commonly accepted methods of business valuation use some form of: (Points : 2) Balance sheet analysis.Historical cost basis. Book value method. x Income statement approach. 4. (TCO G) The conclusions presented in FASB No. 157 s upport which FASB Conceptual Framework? (Points : 2) FASB Conceptual Framework No. 2 FASB Conceptual Framework No. 6 FASB Conceptual Framework No. x All of the above None of the above 5. (TCO G) The major business valuation organization that has developed rigorous business valuation standards is: (Points : 2) The National Association of Business Valuation Analysts (NACVA) The American Society of Appraisers (ASA) The Institute of Business Appraisers, Inc. (IBA) x All of the above None of the above 6. (TCO G) In a typical business valuation report, one exhibit that is seldom used is: (Points : 2) Limiting conditions. Definitions of valuation terms. Ratio analysis of the company. Common size balance sheets of the company. None of the above. 7. (TCO G) â€Å"Equitable distribution† in divorce cases is driven by: (Points : 2) The Uniform Commercial Code nationally. x Individual state laws. Supreme Court rulings. Professional standards. None of the above. 8. (TCO G) A â€Å"minori ty interest† in a business: (Points : 2) Technically is less than a 50-percent ownership in the business Might be worth less than a pro-rata share of the business value May have limited influence in the operations of the business x All of the above None of the above 9. (TCO G) IRS Rev. Rul. 59-60: (Points : 2)Deals with the valuation of closely held businesses Provides a list of eight factors that should be considered in valuing a closely held business Is particularly useful for valuing closely held businesses in estate and gift tax situations x All of the above None of the above 10. (TCO G) Preparing common-sized financial statements and performing ratio analyses of financial statements are examples of: (Points : 2) â€Å"Customizing† financial statements. â€Å"Downsizing† financial statements. x â€Å"Spreading† financial statements. â€Å"Simplifying† financial statements. None of the above.

Arguments for/Against Morality of Abortion

Morality of Abortion For Abortion (utilitarian): Anything having a net output of benefits with consideration of everyone is morally permissible [1, 7]. An abortion is a procedure to end a pregnancy and the procedure is performed by a licensed health care professional [2]. Medical or surgical abortions performed in the first trimester do not significantly affect later infertility, ectopic pregnancy, spontaneous abortion, or preterm or low-birth-weight deliveries, according to The Kaiser Family Foundation's statistics on abortion [3], and shows no greater risk of breast cancer, according to research from the National Cancer Institute [8].There is about 1 death per 100,000 legal abortions and the risk of complications from the abortions are rare, about less than 0. 3% [3]. In the question of whether fetuses can feel pain during an abortion, evidence from research concludes that â€Å"fetuses from 20-23 weeks do not feel pain† [6] – whereas abortions mostly occur before tha t time period [3]. In conclusion, since the legal abortions are performed by a professional and the benefits outweigh the costs, abortion is morally permissible. Against Abortion (kantian): Killing an innocent human life form is wrong.The fetus is an innocent human life form, therefore it is wrong to abort the fetus [1]. According to the Women's Center statistics, teenagers are more likely to delay having an abortion until 15 weeks of pregnancy, when the medical risks are greater [4]. The federal law dictates that states cover abortions under Medicaid under cases of rape, incest, or life endangerment [3], but having wider access to contraception would be a better solution to the problem of abortion and enable private companies to take on the burden of the costs[5].A fetus â€Å"possesses a property, the possession of which in adult human beings is sufficient to make killing an adult human being wrong† [9]. The arguments for abortion are apt to â€Å"'speciesism'† [9] b ecause the arguments center around the notion that a â€Å"human being† should have reasoning ability, critical thought, or consciousness in order to pass as a human being. We cannot focus on consciousness or rationality as a definition of a person because it has the fallacy of being too narrow of a definition since a erson in a coma is still considered a human being. In conclusion, since fetuses possess the ability to gain rationality, and don't need it to be defined as a human being, abortion is wrong because it is murder, and murder is not justifiable. Works Cited Gensler, Harry J. â€Å"A Kantian Argument against Abortion. †Ã‚  Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition  49. 1 (1986): 83-96. JSTOR. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. ;http://www. jstor. org/stable/4319811;. â€Å"Abortion†.MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine (US). Web. 2013 Jan 28. ;http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/abortion. html#cat22; â€Å"Aborti on in the U. S. : Utilization, Financing, and Access. †Ã‚  The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. The Kaiser Family Foundation, June 2008. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. ;http://www. kff. org/womenshealth/upload/3269-02. pdf;. â€Å"Abortion Statistics, Facts About Abortion In The US. †Ã‚  Orlando Women’s Centers. The Women’s Centers, n. d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. ;http://www. womenscenter. om/abortion_stats. html;. â€Å"Second-Trimester Abortion Overview. †Ã‚  The Pro-Choice Public Education Project. Reproductive Health Technologies Project, n. d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. ;http://www. rhtp. org/abortion/documents/Second-TrimesterAbortionFactSheetExternal. pdf;. Christian, Brugger E. â€Å"The Problem of Fetal Pain and Abortion: Toward an Ethical Consensus for Appropriate Behavior. †Ã‚  Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal  22. 3 (2012): 263-87. U. S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.Web. 18 Feb. 2013. ;http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/p ubmed/23285794? tool=MedlinePlus;. Vaughn, Lewis. Doing Ethics: Moral Reasoning and Contemporary Issues. 3rd ed. New York: W. W. Norton ;, 2013. Print. â€Å"Abortion, Miscarriage, and Breast Cancer Risk. †Ã‚  National Cancer Institute Factsheet. National Cancer Institute (NCI), n. d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. ;http://www. cancer. gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/abortion-miscarriage;. Marquis, Don. â€Å"Why Abortion Is Immoral. †Ã‚  Journal of

Historical Challenges of Urban Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Historical Challenges of Urban Planning - Essay Example Modern urbanization mostly entails improvisation of the early urban cities. Planning an urban centre is influenced by certain factors such as historic preservations, strategic plans, regulatory and incentive strategies, comprehensive plans, or even neighborhood plans (Levy, 2011). Therefore, a planner ensures enforcement of the chosen policy in urban planning. Urban planning can be viewed as a complex and sequential procedure that considers the welfare of the population around. This paper discusses in length challenges that were faced by historical urban planners and they were able to overcome and can pose as an example to the upcoming urban planners. As depicted by scholars, history in one way or the other repeats itself, is evident in the society. Urban planning is a process that used to be centuries ago and still ongoing due to changes in technology. Planning an urban centre is not an easy task and is accompanied by several challenges. Urban planning involves the social-economic aspects in a city contrary to historical planning that dealt with improvisation of physical aspects of streets and buildings (Balducci, 2011). Although these two types of planning systems differ, there are several challenges that were faced by historical planners that other planners can learn from. One of the challenges that faced most of the historical urban planners was infrastructure and public health.

International Marketing Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

International Marketing Report - Assignment Example The nation is considered to the pioneers in the modern civilisation with the capital city London being one of the largest and most important political hubs of the world. Type of Government: UK has a constitutional monarchical form of government and is part of the Commonwealth of Nations. The constitution of the nation is based on the traditions of the common law and is influenced by the early Roman and continental laws. Administrative Machinery: The administrative machinery of the nation is divided into the executive, legislative and judicial branches. The Queen holds the position of the head of the state and is closely assisted by the Prime minster. The prime Minister is also aided in the decision making process by his council of Ministers who manage specific portfolios are also elected democratically (CIA, â€Å"United Kingdom†). Education Policy: The government of United Kingdom includes education as one of its most primary areas of concern. This is important considering th e fact that approximately large percentage population of UK s in the age group of 18-22 years. In addition UK is also considered to be one of the most favoured destinations for foreign students especially from nations like China. This is important as they contribute a large amount towards the economy of the nation. The government of the nation realises that education would hold primary importance for the economic and social well being of the nation. The government has been known to pursue policies that seek to promote the spread of education among the masses. The government also provides large scale financial assistance to educational institutions for various degree and professional courses. Specifically the government is trying to encourage educational institutions to develop more flexible programs that are largely popular with the international students. The government also proposes to develop greater e-learning modules which are gaining large scale popularity among the students a cross the world. The administrative machinery of UK is divided into four zones. Out of these zones England has the highest number of educational institutions and higher universities followed by Scotland. Education in UK: Another interesting aspect in the educational sector in UK is that there is only one private University in the nation (University of Buckingham) rest other are directly or indirectly controlled by the government. The educational institutions are also divided into three layers based on the degree of prestige with regards to academics. These three layers are the raffles group comprising of the best universities and educational institutions followed by the red brick and the post 1992 universities. Funding for these state run universities are done and managed by the Federal council of the government which foots 39 percent of the total funding requirements of these universities. There is no provision for endowments are other special offers. The government also encourages corporate funding for the academic institutions through tie ups and donations by the private business organizations (Go, p.15). Figure 1: Educational Institutions in UK

Create an Organizational Assessment and Development Plan Assignment

Create an Organizational Assessment and Development Plan - Assignment Example ing unit that the organization is operating is on a medium scale and the entire workforce comprises of approximately 150 people, one third of who are full-time employees, one third working on contracts and the rest of the one third workforce is employed on a part time basis. The business has a shamrock model formation and it allows the organization to enjoy a greater fluidity of talent. (Clawson, 2001). The employees are mainly involved in the following three activities: either they work on the manufacturing plant, the planning, procurements & marketing departments or they are involved with the deliveries and logistics of the finished goods. Most of the full time employees and those working on contracts come under these three categories, and all of the office staff, the secretaries, office helpers and other staff are mostly hired on a part time basis. Currently, the business is running at a good profit margin and being in the industry for all these years has helped these manufacturers make a name for themselves in the market targeted mainly towards the consumers who want to buy freshly baked goods such as bread, breakfast rolls etc which are priced strategically so that they fall in between the mass manufactured baked goods offered by larger brands and the expensively exclusive products offered by specialty delis. These younger people have also been working in the same business for most of their lives and are very much familiar with the ropes of their organization. Their ultimate aim in trying to employ an organizational development plan is to increase the productivity of their operations. However, another big concern for the owners is the fact that there is a seeming lack of organizational values among the staff. Although the people who are working full-time and part-time have been with the organization for a long time, there is a lack of organizational affinity among the people working part time for the business. Another cause for concern is the fact that

THE IMAGE OF GOD IN MAN Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

THE IMAGE OF GOD IN MAN - Research Proposal Example 3. The image of God is manifested in each and every person regardless of religious orientation and belief. Need for the Study The aim of the study is to proffer issues that would deepen one’s understanding on the statement that man was created in the image and likeness of God (Genesis 1: 26 – 28). Having been explained in various literatures, the meaning of the â€Å"image of God† is presented in discussing the difference between man and other creations of God, particularly animals. Further, one would seek to determine if any violation from the factors signifying man’s being created in God’s image would that necessarily defy man’s existence as being created out of God’s image. For instance, if man commits sin with utter disregard for conscience, does that mean that the statement does not apply to him, in particular? Procedure of the Study The study would be conducted using various secondary sources of information of the topic. The sour ces would be authoritative and scholarly and would present balanced and unbiased views of the authors on the subject. If the time would allow, some primary information could be solicited through simple interviews of acquaintances and people from various walks of life regarding their personal points of views and perception of the topic.

Ethics and Goverance Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics and Goverance - Coursework Example For gaining global competitive advantage, its expansion to different areas of the world is essential and hence the selling of its stake to Coco-Cola is highly justified. 2. Innocent Ltd. will have advantage of getting some critical inputs form the giant company like Coco-Cola in the crisis time. For example, it may get some benefit in the form of management techniques in dealing human resources and also in the form of strategic management. In addition, the products of Innocent Ltd. can be sold even in remote pockets where ever Coco-Cola has establishments. 3. It may have a collaboration with the Coco-Cola for opening new branches in areas where Coco-Cola has already established its branches and can very much maintain that its quality policy would be maintained as good as that of earlier period. The founders of the company would still lead from the front and hence, the quality of the products would be well maintained in terms of environmental and health safety and customer satisfactio n. 4. The people’s awareness about Coco-Cola products is far higher than that of Innocent Ltd. and hence the higher number of customers would be in a position to taste Innocent products after the collaboration. 5. As Coco-Cola has already established branches in several areas, with out spending any additional expenditure, the Innocent can sell its products through these branches which certainly results in cost minimization and profit maximization. Disadvantages 1. The credibility of Innocent Ltd. among its customers has been its main strength till now which has driven the business. The company is well known for its commitment and dedication for manufacturing or producing healthy fruit juice products which contain socially and environmentally aware ingredients that are free from environmental pollution and health hazards and for better packaging techniques (Sweney, 2009). The customers prefer the products from this company for this quality consciousness and ethical standards. But, due to selling of its stake to Coco-Cola company which is known for producing non healthy

1984 by George Orwell and Big Brother Research Paper

1984 by George Orwell and Big Brother - Research Paper Example Kellner writes, â€Å"The novel opens with evocations, frequently repeated that "BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU." Then it quickly plunges the reader into an oppressive environment where omnipresent television sets not only incessantly broadcast government propaganda but actually serve as instruments of surveillance.† The subtle aspect of Communism as perceived by George Orwell is doublespeak. The Michal Buchowski at el. writes, â€Å"Communist language was forcefully brought home to the West by George Orwell in Nineteen Eighty-Four, especially in his notion of â€Å"doublethink.†(p.555) What is the working style of Big Brother and his associates and superiors? Their implication is—‘we don’t say whatever we say or do is correct. But whatever correct is there in the world belongs to us! How George Orwell highlights the serious shortcomings of the hardcore communist regimes with his satirical style by taking potshots at their methods of suppression of fre ewill of the people, through the character of Big Brother in 1984? The name of the watchtower through which Big Brother and his associates function is ‘totalitarianism.’ Buchowski at el writes, â€Å"The very term totalitarianism suggests a political problem: a form of rule so total as to leave no aspect of life untouched: a form of rule that is not merely dictatorial, but holds people in its grip so thoroughly that they become its puppets.†(p.557)... But the style of functioning as portrayed by George Orwell in his book 1984 seems to have been adopted in communist countries and partially in the West. This is the issue of control of history (including the censorship on print and electronic media), surveillance and corruption of language. Those who are assigned duties in these areas seem to salute the Big Brother every day, before the commencing their duties and carry out his instructions implicitly, as for tapping phones, intercept mails, enter residences unauthorisedly etc. Language corruption is being used as an important political propaganda weapon and with full knowledge of their double meaning. The words like socialist, war criminal, racist, democratic are used, as if Satan quotes the Bible. The hero of the book, Winston Smith, employed in the Ministry of truth is engrossed in rewriting and falsifying history, as per the demands of the present regime. Big Brother has a tremendous responsibility, to control the State of Oceani a. His â€Å"thought police† have to see that friends and enemies are kept under control. Oceania is at constant war with artificially created factions. Alliances are created and discredited; what is important for the Big Brother is the perennial hysteria, and to maintain the situation of confusion and to tell the people that something dangerous is being planned against the Nation by the opposition with vested interests. George Orwell, through Big Brother, gives lots of importance to past history—for the process to undo it and suppress the facts that are inconvenient to the present (Communist) regime. The supreme objective of the party is to retain and maintain power at all times and at all costs. It uses a variety of methods to keep the population under control. â€Å"War is peace† is one