Menu Planning and Product Development Assignment

Menu Planning and Product Development - Assignment Example A recipe can be stated as a tested and standardized procedure in order to produce food and it contains the mixing order, ingredients, temperature, proportions and time all of which is required so as to develop tasty food. There are majorly seven most important components that are included in the process of development of recipe such as dish name, time that would be required so as to prepare the dish, ingredients required along with its proportion, environment as wells equipments that would be needed so as to prepare the dish, preparation steps, and total number of servings that can be made through preparing the recipe. The major principles that guide the process of recipe development comprise of objectives as well as priorities development, task inclusion, action steps in clear sequence, physical environmental elements analysis, allocation of time and reorganization of task, motivation, and accomplishment, communication, evaluation and future reference. These are some of the principl es that guide the operations related to the development of recipes in the hospitality industry. A recipe that is well developed following the principles should be able to meet the various needs such as an increase in terms of product usage, an increase of product visibility and reduction in the safety issues related to the product (Fuller, 2011). The major principle that guides the development of recipe to be successful are it should be reproducible which states it should be written in a format that could be ‘repeated’ along with constant results, ‘easily prepared’ that is comprising of minimal steps in a logical order so as to deliver the end results without much of complexity, ‘concise’ so as to provide the required information, ‘interesting’ in terms of adding varieties to the dish being prepared, ‘pleasing to senses’ such that it possess satisfying as well as stimulating flavour along with pleasant  aroma, Ã¢â‚¬Ë œeconomical’ so that the recipe should not only be within the budget but also encompass the economy of material as well as human resources.

Raising the school awarenessof the dangers of social networking to the Research Proposal

Raising the school awarenessof the dangers of social networking to the teenagers - Research Proposal Example Not only that, rampant cases of cyber bullying and other related issues that strike within the emotional and psychological well-being of users. In this paper, I will go into detail of the threats that adolescent users are faced. And it is in the light of purging this threats that I am writing your kind office. I believe that the school is the most basic instrumental and effective institution to counter these imminent dangers to the youth. Of course the education of the teenagers is of prime concern but, moreover, your good office can be the front bearer of furthering this cause by stimulating participation and activism of the parents and of the whole local society to make cyber world a safer place for the future of the youth. Thank you very much for considering and looking over my proposal. I hope this will be a sufficient spark to enable us to act on this matter zealously. Yours Truly, XXXXXXXXX RAISING THE SCHOOLS’ AWARENESS OF THE DANGERS AND THREATS OF SOCIAL NETWORKING TO THE TEENAGERS Prepared For: Prepared By: TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦2 THE SOCIAL NETWORKING PHENOMENON†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 What is Social Networking?..............................................................................................3 Origin and Evolution of Social Networking†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Why is Social Networking so Appealing? †¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Encouraging Participation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 DANGERS AND RISKS FOR ADOLESCENTS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Cyber Bullying†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 Invasion of Privacy and Security†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 Too much Information and Identity Theft†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...8 Promoting Anti-Social behavior in the Real World†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....9 Online Predators†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 WHAT THE SCHOOL CAN DO†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 Inculcate SNS Awareness in Curriculum†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 Get Involved with the Teenagers in SNS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Ethical Implications Of Layoffs And Downsizing

Ethical Implications Of Layoffs And Downsizing The business world has been facing a tough and complex market environment in the recent years. As the economy swings down, majority of firms try find themselves is try to cut some costs and increase profit to survive in the market for long-period. One of the easiest ways to cut cost is through reducing staff and layoff jobs. The elimination of jobs will certainly reduce some expenses like salary expenses, payroll costs as well as human resources costs and so on. leading to increase additional funds for any potential investment that the firm could face to upturn profit. Likely firms could use such strategy like reducing staff and facing no legal action or policy violation, which leads to presents many ethical problems between stakeholders and firms (Baston, Blake Neff, 2007). Its important to understand ethics because it keeps people away from doing whats wrong. If an individuals have no ethics, they would do the wrong thing whenever they believe it benefit them as long as they get away. For example, a person will keep stealing as long as no one is watching him. Similar to business ethics, if a business operates in ethical manners, that will indeed increase the value of a business. For example, if a firm follows the code of ethics in every day decision, it will increase expectations of a social community to ward a firm and customers would like to keep trading with a business and that of course will lead to increase sales of goods/services or both. Ethics is the study of how people try to live their lives according to a standard of right or wrong behaviour-in both how we think and behave toward others and how we could like them to think and behave toward us (Ghillyer, 2008, p. 51). In most situations ethical choices are clear cut that the person can easily decide what is right or wrong thing to do based on ethical principles. Also try to treat others as we would like to be treated; as its expressed by The Golden Rule Do unto others as you would have them do unto you (Ghillyer, 2008, p. 7). However, people choices could also be challenged when they face situation when two or more moral values are in conflict which its known as Ethical dilemma A situation in which there is no obvious right or wrong decision, but rather a right or right answer (Ghillyer, 2008, p. 9). Meaning there is no obvious right or wrong answer, but both right answers. Leaving an equally one right choice undone, others likely to suffer something bad after the choice is made, contradicting a personal ethical principle in making that choice and abandoning an ethical value of a community or society in making that choice (Ghillyer, 2008, p. 9). As it is shown in the case provided The Layoff Alice is facing an ethical dilemma, whether to tell her friend about the Layoff or to stay loyal to her boss and the company. This essay will domnstright the ethical dilemma that Alice is facing, following the process for making moral decision and relevant ethical theories. In the Layoff Case study; Alice is facing an Ethical Dilemma because they are two moral values in conflict. The two values are telling the truth or stay loyal. Here in this situation, if Alice tells the truth to her friend, it would mean that shes being disloyal to her boss and to the company that has treated her so well for such long time, but at the same time she still loyal to her friend by informing him about the layoff before purchasing the house leading to have financial problems on the future. Or on the other hand, if Alice wont tell her friend about the Layoff and know that her friend will purchase a house, it would mean that she still loyal to her boss and the company. Alice must weigh the loyalty to her friend against the loyalty her boss and the company to make her decision. There is no guidance or direct way to solve an ethical dilemma and making the right ethical decision, like the situation Alice is facing. However what Alice needs to do for solving her dilemma is to take some real step as guideline for evaluating and determining the ethical decision. That decision must be logical, based on facts and should be accepted by moral principles. In other words, if moral decision or conclusion is defensible, then it must be supported by defensible moral principles, together with relevant facts. (Shaw et al, 2009, p.28). First step in moral decision making is to determine the facts of the situation. Its important to gather facts and information before jumping to conclusion. Alice should gather as much information that will help her relating to her dilemma. For example, she may find out whats the company legal requirement on informing workers about Layoff. Also she may gather enough information to determine how long it would take these 200 workers to find new jobs. Second step is to identify the ethical issues involved. Its important that, Alice shouldnt jump to conclusion before identifying the ethical issues that related to her dilemma. In this case, one professional ethical issue has to do with rights of both the workers and the company. Alice should define the workers legal right to know about the plant closing in advance. The other ethical issue has to deal with companys right to keep the information private. Furthermore, Alice must determine the obligation for her company toward its workers in t his regard. At more personal level, there are the ethical issues related to principles such as honesty, loyalty and promise keeping. In the context of ethical decision making, the next step is to identifying all stakeholders all of those individuals or groups, who have a stake in the particular decision or action (Trevino Nelson, 2010, p.54). Alice should identify the stakeholders that will be affected by her decision before jumping to conclusion, and how they are been affected. First Alice should consider the stakeholders that will be affected immediately by closing down the plant for example, Alice, the workers and Alices boss. Then she should consider on large scale for example, local community and social responsibility. Imagine if the plant is located in small town; fairness to the entire community becomes an important ethical issue. Shouldnt the community have as much time as possible to plan for the impact for shutting down the plant? After identify all stakeholders, the following step is to compare and weigh the alternative theory. Here we will use to two theories, consequentialist and Non- consequentialist theory. The consequentialist theory focuses on the result of the decision or action and its divided into Egoism and Utilitarianism (Shaw et al, 2009, p.58). To keep the Layoff information completely from the affected workers would fall under Ethical Egoism approach. Egoism An Act is morally right if and only if, it best promotes an agents long-term interests (Shaw et al, 2009, p.59). Here morality is linked with self-interest, meaning no basic duty to assist others but sometimes by pursuing long-term self-interest actions may be contrary to the person immediate interest, but beneficial in the long-term. For example, Alice wont tell her friend about closing down the plant because she may be interested in her position in the company for the future, so Alice wont breach confdality of the company. Utilitarianism is the second approach in the consequentialist theory We should always act to produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad for everyone affected by our actions (Shaw et al, 2009, p.64). Here the ethical decision aiming to maximas good and minimise harms. A utilitarian would approach an ethical dilemma by identifying all stakeholders in a particular situation as well as the actions and their consequences (harms and/or benefit) for each. Here in this case, if Alice tells her friend about the layoff, her friend and other workers might be benefit by getting informed about the situation earlier, especially, one of the workers is purchasing a house in a following week. On the other hand, if Alice wont tell the workers about the layoff to protect her company by keeping informations to herself. Alice and her family will be benefited first by keeping her job because she is still loyal to her company; also the company is benefited as there is no rumours going around ab out closing down the plant which indeed it will prevent several future crises. The Non- consequentialist is different than consequentialist theory. This theory is often formulated in such a way that the rightness of an action consists in its conformity to a moral rule or command. The Non- consequentialist is divided into three approaches: Kant, Duty of care and Virtue ethics. (Shaw et al, 2009, p.58) Kant Gives firms standards, but doesnt depend on result. Add a humanistic element into moral decision making (Shaw et al, 2009, p.71). This theory held that the actual action should be based only on duty and good will, then our actions will result moral judgment regarding the consequence of that action. In this case, if Alice thinks that her duty to her friend is more important than the company, then indeed she will inform her friend about the layoff anyway even if her job in the line. Or the other way around, Alice might consider her duty to protect the company is way too important than inform her friend and the workers bout the layoff. Duty of care focus on duties rather than consequences Decisions are made based on whats right on boar, abstract universal ethical principles or values such as honesty, promise keeping, fairness, loyalty, justice, responsibility, comparison and respect for human beings and property (Trevino Nelson, 2010, p.42). Regarding to this approach, there might be some certain moral values that are binding, regardless of the consequences if the actions or decision are good. Therefore some actions would be considered wrong even if the results of the actions were good. For example, if Alice doesnt tell her friend about the loyal, it would result positive sign to the company. However it would be wrong action as Alice is not loyally to her friend by keeping the information away. Virtue ethics focuses more on the quality of the moral actor (the person) rather than the moral act itself (actions taken). Here, the issue is not whats the right thing to do? Or whos benefiting the most? The issue here is the person whose acting is considered to be morally good character such as honest, loyalty integrity etc. In this case, Alice decision will be based on here moral character that will make her happy the most. If telling the truth will make Alice happier than being loyal to her company, it means Alice will inform her friend about the layoff regarding what are the consequences later. However if being loyal makes Alice more happy, then she wont inform her friend about any changes at work even though her friend is purchasing a house next week, because being loyal to her company means her more than telling the truth to her friend. Finally, the last step in moral decision making is to make a decision. In any ethical dilemma, there is no right or wrong answer but both rights as it mentioned before. However the person whos making decision must gather all facts, consider all the potincol harm and benefit to all stakeholders that will be affected by the action. Also must determine the ethical value of the person that makes the action. Thus, no company is immune to problems. The companies that survive are the ones that can spot ethical issues and correct them before they become problems. My advice to Alice to manage the layoff is trying as much as possible to let not spread the rumours around work. Instead Alice should openly discuss the layoff situation between the company and the workers though meetings and try to explain that the company is facing low down in the market and the layoff is their last potion. Alice should convince her company about the social responsibility toward workers by trying to find similar jobs for those who are their job in the line. . As a result, it will attract positive image to the company by handling the layoff in such ethical way

Heuristic Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

Heuristic Analysis Introduction The RIT campus has a very diverse community that consists of hearing and deaf people. Although RIT offers many sign language classes and provides interpreters across campus, communication outside of class is still difficult. The problem we are trying to overcome is the communication between hearing and deaf people in real-time and in person without third-party assistance. Our solution would break down the communication barriers. Using the best attributes of current communication products and new technology, we are able to envision a product that would bring forth this new era of communication.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The products we analyzed were AOL Instant Messenger, WebNote MultiChat site, and the T-Mobile Sidekick. We choose AOL Instant Messenger because it is the most popular chat program in the US. We choose WebNote MultiChat because it brings new features like real-time chat editing with multiple users. The Sidekick was chosen because it is the leading communication device available on the market today and it is very popular among deaf students at RIT. Product Analysis #1 (AOL Instant Messenger) Siddhartha Reddy Interface Design Heuristic Analysis †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Visibility of system status It is important for the user to be kept informed about what the current condition of the system is so the user knows what is going on. The user is made aware of the condition of the system through feedback. AIM (AOL Instant Messenger) keeps the user updated with the system status through a variety of feedback. Most of the windows on AIM tell you what the window is about, for example when you receive a message from your friend you get your friend’s screenname displayed on top of the window. If you want to message a user, you can select their name from your buddy list and send them a message, when the screenname is selected, it gets highlighted, which tells the user the screenname they picked to send a message to. Feedback is also achieved through sound, whenever a message is sent or received a unique sound is played (sounds are customizable by the user). The system status is displayed by the icon in the taskbar, when AIM is signed on the icon is surrounded by a blue circle and when its offline the AIM is by itself, so by looking the u... ... I did not use any hard copy documents so I cannot answer the questions. There is no help menu on Sidekick. I basically used the â€Å"trail and error† method when I first got the Sidekick. As for the Skills section, a lot of the questions was pretty much answered yes, some were N/A.I do not really see anything that will replace our skills. I strongly believe that the Sidekick does follow the privacy because you can set up password to prevent anyone from using it. I guess that sums up my analysis. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After careful evaluation of the above mentioned products we came to the conclusion that our solution would incorporate the best features of the products along with the introduction of new features. By using the strongest attributes of each product and throwing away the weakest ones we are truly able to make a superior communication device. Our group believes that the introduction of our product to the RIT campus would bridge the communication gap between hearing and deaf students. By breaking down these barriers the educational process would be further enhanced with the cooperation of all the students across campus. Heuristic Analysis Essay -- essays research papers Heuristic Analysis Introduction The RIT campus has a very diverse community that consists of hearing and deaf people. Although RIT offers many sign language classes and provides interpreters across campus, communication outside of class is still difficult. The problem we are trying to overcome is the communication between hearing and deaf people in real-time and in person without third-party assistance. Our solution would break down the communication barriers. Using the best attributes of current communication products and new technology, we are able to envision a product that would bring forth this new era of communication.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The products we analyzed were AOL Instant Messenger, WebNote MultiChat site, and the T-Mobile Sidekick. We choose AOL Instant Messenger because it is the most popular chat program in the US. We choose WebNote MultiChat because it brings new features like real-time chat editing with multiple users. The Sidekick was chosen because it is the leading communication device available on the market today and it is very popular among deaf students at RIT. Product Analysis #1 (AOL Instant Messenger) Siddhartha Reddy Interface Design Heuristic Analysis †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Visibility of system status It is important for the user to be kept informed about what the current condition of the system is so the user knows what is going on. The user is made aware of the condition of the system through feedback. AIM (AOL Instant Messenger) keeps the user updated with the system status through a variety of feedback. Most of the windows on AIM tell you what the window is about, for example when you receive a message from your friend you get your friend’s screenname displayed on top of the window. If you want to message a user, you can select their name from your buddy list and send them a message, when the screenname is selected, it gets highlighted, which tells the user the screenname they picked to send a message to. Feedback is also achieved through sound, whenever a message is sent or received a unique sound is played (sounds are customizable by the user). The system status is displayed by the icon in the taskbar, when AIM is signed on the icon is surrounded by a blue circle and when its offline the AIM is by itself, so by looking the u... ... I did not use any hard copy documents so I cannot answer the questions. There is no help menu on Sidekick. I basically used the â€Å"trail and error† method when I first got the Sidekick. As for the Skills section, a lot of the questions was pretty much answered yes, some were N/A.I do not really see anything that will replace our skills. I strongly believe that the Sidekick does follow the privacy because you can set up password to prevent anyone from using it. I guess that sums up my analysis. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After careful evaluation of the above mentioned products we came to the conclusion that our solution would incorporate the best features of the products along with the introduction of new features. By using the strongest attributes of each product and throwing away the weakest ones we are truly able to make a superior communication device. Our group believes that the introduction of our product to the RIT campus would bridge the communication gap between hearing and deaf students. By breaking down these barriers the educational process would be further enhanced with the cooperation of all the students across campus.

Analysis of Singapore’s GDP and Inflation figures Essay

According to the above forecast of GDP growth of Singapore, we know that it stand at 5.3% instead of 6.2% earlier. Therefore, it clearly indicates that the forecast of Singapore’s GDP growth downgrade. Gross Domestic Product, it refers that during a period of time, the production of all final goods and labor value from the economy of a country or region, it is often recognized as the best index to measure national economic conditions. It not only reflects a country’s economic performance, but also reflects a country’s national strength and wealth. The importance of GDP can not be ignored, especially when it is mentioned in the same breath with market expectations, the actual economic growth rate or recession rate often affects the trend of financial markets. The higher the data shows that the more driving economic growth. GDP represents all the economic activity within the country, reflects the basic situation for economic growth, it is used to analyze current status of the state’s economic development. GDP growth decelerated, indicating that the economy is in contraction phase, consumer demand of the production will decrease. In general, the higher GDP of Singapore means the better economic development, rising interest rate, its currency exchange rate is strong. There are so many different elements that affect the GDP growth of Singapore, in my opinion, one of the reasons is global economy. As a result of the global economic downturn, the economy of Singapore has been shrinking dramatically. Singapore’s economy can not maintain the pace of strong growth in 2010, because Singapore’s economy is mainly dependent on exports and exports of non-oil products and services, they occupy for more than half of its GDP, which makes the economy vulnerable to changes in global economic growth. Moreover, recent GDP data revisions in the US showed that economic conditions were not as robust as previously thought – indeed, aggregate activity had stalled since 2010. Uncertainty of U.S. economic recovery and the relative recession in the global electronics market has also led to further downturn in Singapore’s export demand. As reduction of global demand, as the pillar industry of Singapore, exports of electronic products sharply shrinking is the main reason of the country’s economic downturn. Singapore is one of Asia’s fastest growing economies. This year, the U.S. economy maybe decline in growth rate and the global electronics industry may decline are the main danger facing by Singapore’s economy. The Monetary Authority of Singapore states â€Å"domestic economic activity fell by 6.5% in the second quarter of 2011. The contraction was led by a slowdown in trade-related activities, due to supply-chain disruptions from the Japan earthquake and weaker demand from the advanced economies†(MAS, 2011). Economic growth was weak in the 2011, reflecting the impact of transitory shocks such as higher oil prices and the Japanese earthquake. â€Å"A strong dollar will stimulate GDP by discouraging exports and encouraging imports,† says Bob McTeer, former president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. Monetary factors also affect GDP. The U.S is one of Singapore’s major trading partners, the U.S. dollar exchange rate continued to decline, the relative value of Singapore dollar increase, but Singapore is a country need to reserve more foreign currency, which means it needs more exports, exporting more production needs to undervalue its own currency. Therefore, the decline in the dollar also affected Singapore’s exports, led to GDP growth declined. Question 2 In my opinion, I agree with the statement without a doubt. The main aim of the government is to reduce high inflation to keep balance. Inflation, a monetary phenomenon, is an increase in money and credit. Its major consequence is raising prices. Inflation occurs when the economy’s aggregate volume of money expenditures grows at a faster rate than its total real output grows. Inflation is thus an increase in the supply of money without a corresponding increase in the supply of goods and services. (Edward, 2000) The official measure of the inflation is the increase of the general level of prices measured over a period of time, and RPI or CED is used as a measurement. To explain how it does this I must first explain the main two different causes of inflation. First type of inflation is called cost-push inflation. It basically means that increasing costs of factors of production (wages, rent interest, cost of raw materials, increased normal profit requirement) push up the general level of prices. This applies to the aggregate supply side of the economy and arises partly because general wage costs arise, for example the powerful trade unions might have pushed up wages without increasing the productivity. Import prices play a role as well, because nowadays no country is independent of the others. When a country has lower inflation than others it tends to â€Å"import† inflation with its foreign trade because foreign goods get more expensive. Also, for example, the massive rise in oil prices affected western oil-importing economies and caused inflation. The changing exchange rates also cause inflation. As the production costs of the firm rise it has to increase its price to cover the costs. Then in turn, as the goods are expensive, labour demands wage increases that will increase the production costs even further. Another type of inflation is demand-pull inflation. This occurs when aggregate demand exceeds the value of output at full employment. The role of government is to ease pressures from inflation; it takes appropriate monetary policy or fiscal policy to reduce high inflation based on different types of inflation. The government has several ways to control inflation. It can do this by using fiscal policy that manages the aggregate demand by using government spending and monetary policy to reduce investment, consumption and the circulation of the currency. Fiscal policy: government should raise tax rate and reduce expenditure, for example, raising consumption tax, it makes goods more expensive, so you need to pay more consumption tax when you buy something, it will make you reduce the number of purchasing things. Thus, the total market demand will reduce at a certain level, making the overall price fall, playing an alleviative role to high inflation. Main weapon to fight against inflation after 1970 has been monetary policy, widely used by Conservatives. The main policies have included controlling interest rates and medium-term financial strategy. Also the real inflation is much caused by people’s expatiation on future inflation, reducing the expectations of inflation in the future has been one of the governments’ aims. The consequences of inflation are quite serious. It has bad effect on growth, because it increases uncertainty and discourages savings. It is also damaging for the balance of payment, because it makes imports cheaper. It distributes incomes in favour of profit earning, away from fixed earning pensioners, whose real income will fall. Therefore, government must play active role in managing high inflation rate by an economy all the time. References: 1. The Monetary Authority of Singapore, Recent Economic Developments in Singapore, 01 Sep 2011, pp 01 [01 Dec. 2011] 2. Bob McTeer, Impact of a Weak Dollar by Admin, Posted in: Financial Planning, 03 August 2011 [01 Dec. 2011] http://ourbusinessnews.com/impact-of-a-weak-dollar 3. Edward W. Younkins, HOW GOVERNMENT MANIPULATES MONEY AND PRODUCES INFLATION, 28 Oct. 2000 [02 Dec. 2011] http://www.quebecoislibre.org/001028-11.htm 4. Walter E. Williams, Syndicated Columnist, The government’s role in inflation, 06 Sep. 2009 [02 Dec. 2011] http://www.journal-news.net/page/content.detail/id/524850/The-government-s-role-in-inflation.html 5. Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond culture. New York: Dubleday Dell Publishing. [17 October. 2011]

Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta Josie Essay

In this novel (Looking for Alibrandi) Josephine Alibrandi is seen as an illegitimate 17-year-old girl who is self-centred, ignorant and sensitive about her illegitimacy and her reputation and what people say about her behind her back. She is also described as confused because she isn’t sure where she stands in life, whether she is an Australian or and Italian, and is paranoid in thinking because she is of Italian background she is constantly being victimised and society wouldn’t see her for who she is as an individual instead as an Italian or an Australian. During her final year in High School, many events take place in her life that changed her attitudes towards both her self and others, those events ranged from the most life changing events like the discovering of Nonna Katia’s secret, the reunification of herself and her long lost biological father and the tragic suicide of her best friend John Barton to the most least important events like the incident involving one of the ‘beautiful people’ Carly Bishop. Firstly, the sudden and unexpected suicide of Josephine’s best friend John Barton turns her life around, â€Å"The day John died was a nose-dive day and I hit the ground so hard that I feel as if every part of me hurts. I remembered when we spoke about our emancipation. The horror is that he had to die to achieve his. The beauty is that I’m living to achieve mine.† John Barton was one of the closest people to Josephine and they shared many things in common, she later realises how lucky she is to have to choose her own path and destiny and that some people like John Barton had their life planned out by others for them and they had no freedom over their future. Although Josephine is portrayed as a confused teenager who doesn’t who she really is and where she stands in society, her emancipation changes all that, even though her emancipation didn’t happen like the way she expected it to â€Å"†¦I’d wake up one morning and see the light. Feel liberated from everything. †¦ Maybe one particular incident would see me through it.† Her emancipation began after she believed she was wrong on what she did on St. Martha’s day and she had put little kids in danger, as a result of that she became more accepting in the fact that you are not always right, and just because she wore a badge saying she was school captain doesn’t make her one, it’s what’s inside her that makes her a leader. Furthermore, Josephine’s emancipation-in my opinion- was the main reason for her change in maturity and personality, because after she realises she is emancipated she begins to know who she really is and where she stands in life â€Å"†¦asks me what nationality I am, I’ll look at them and say I’m an Australian with Italian blood flowing rapidly through my veins. I’ll say that with pride, because it’s pride that I feel.† This proves that she is proud in being an Australian with an Italian heritage. Additionally, Josephine overcomes her nature in being paranoid when it comes to racism and multiculturalism, and how she is always being victimised by society because of her upbringing, her incident with Carly Bishop makes her realise that not everyone understands multiculturalism, â€Å"I’m not sure whether everyone in this country will ever understand multiculturalism and that saddens me, because it’s as much part of Australian life as football and meat-pies†. Her relationship with Jacob Coote teaches her that not everyone has a problem with her been an Italian and that it is only a small minority of people who are racist, and she learns that it’s not because she is Italian that she and Jacob are separated. In conclusion, Josephine makes major changes in her life, which were somehow provoked by inevitable incidences, she learns to accept the fact that no matter what happens people won’t stop whispering behind her back â€Å"If I lived by the rules and never committed a sin, people would still talk.† She learns what responsibilities really is about and learns to appreciate and cherish every minute of her life and to not take life for granted.

Concept Essay

Concept Essay Steps for Writing Concept Essays The aim of Concept Essays is to inform readers about a particular topic. The purpose of such an essay is to explain a concept without influencing your readers. When you write this type of essay, you do not adopt a stance or provide a point of view on the essay topic. Even if you write about a controversial topic, you need to explain all the sides of the controversy instead of taking one particular side. This type of essay can be written on any essay length. If you are writing a concept paper for the first time, follow these simple steps to get started: 1. Select a Topic You may be given a specific essay topic or you may be told to write your essay on a topic of your choice. If it is the latter, look for a topic that you find interesting. Writing about an interesting theme will lead to you writing your essay in a way that interests your readers. Keep in mind that topics for Concept Essays are more abstract than other types of essays. Examples of such topics would be racism, wisdom or communication. 2. Conduct Research Make a note of the information you possess on your topic and then start collating information on the parts that are missing. As you will be educating your readers on your chosen topic, it is important that you know all that you can find out about it. After carrying out all the research, decide what information you are going to use. You don’t have to write about your topic in extensive detail; however it should be detailed enough to provide thorough understanding of the concept. 3. Determine your Audience Before writing your Concept Essay, you must have an idea of who your target audience is. It is not possible to write an essay effectively without determining the type of readers you are writing for. Knowing who your readers are will help you decide what materials to include, the order of ideas and the best way to support the arguments made. 4. Create an Outline Creating an essay outline is a great idea as it will help you organise your thoughts and information. Once you organize your thoughts, you will get an overall view of how your essay will look. This will help you group similar ideas together and eliminate unnecessary ones. 5. Begin Your Essay The introduction to an essay is very important. The essay intro introduces readers to the subject of the essay and indicates the areas of importance. This opening paragraph must contain your thesis statement. This statement must be explained briefly in one or two sentences and must convey the main idea of your essay. Follow your introduction with the essay body paragraphs in which every paragraph discusses one main point. 6. Write Your Conclusion Conclude your Concept Essay with a paragraph that reminds readers of your essay’s main idea. This paragraph must summarize the main points in a fresh and interesting way. If you find it difficult to write this type of paper, you can buy an essay or read a couple of free sample essays online for guidance.

12 Expository Essay Topics on Sanxingdui Culture

12 Expository Essay Topics on Sanxingdui Culture The ancient Chinese Sanxingdui culture is one of the mysterious cultures which researchers are still trying the best to learn about till this day. Understanding this fact, your instructor may recommend that you write an expository essay so that you can learn beyond your textbook and find new sources of information on this subject. Be forewarned: writing expository essays involves meticulous research about your chosen topic. As your essay cannot cover very broad themes, try to focus on a specific aspect instead. This lends your essay a logical flow and internal consistency. Besides, a few threads of ideas running through the text are easier to manage as compared to complex and multi-layered concepts. If you are assigned an expository essay on Sanxingdui culture, here are 12 facts you can use to come up with a topic for your essay and even use while writing it. If you would rather take a shortcut, check out our 20 expository essay topics on Sanxingdui culture. Here are the most useful facts about Sanxingdui culture: The village of Sanxingdui located in the Sichuan province of China was the stage of a major archeological find. In the year 1986, two huge sacrificial pits were unearthed. With this discovery, a lost chapter of Ancient Chinese history was also discovered. The pits were created by an ancient civilization which flourished in the region some 3000 5000 years ago. The Sanxingdui archeological site is located in the city of Guanghan, 40 km away from Chengdu. It has been internationally recognized as one of the most important ancient remains worldwide. The major factors which make it unique are its lengthy period of the reign, vast size and rich cultural contents. The discovery has turned Sichuan into a focal point in the study of ancient China. The pits were not the first time a major find had been unearthed. The first signs of the presence of an ancient civilization were discovered in 1929. A farmer digging in the area accidentally discovered a huge collection of well-preserved jade relics. Lots of Chinese archeologists tried to find more remains after the discovery, but nothing turned up. After decades of failure, two large pits were discovered in 1986, containing a large amount of artifacts, all of which had been broken, burned and then buried. The objects found in the pits were remarkable and showed that people had advanced technical and artistic skills. Archeologists found sculptures which had animal faces. Masks with open mouths, grinning teeth, and dragon ears were also found. Moreover, sculptures of snakes, dragons and different birds, a huge wand, a large sacrificial altar, a bronze tree 4 meters in length, rings, axes, and knives among hundreds of small objects were excavated. Of these objects, the most impressive one is probably the 2.62-meter tall bronze humanoid statue. Carbon dating of the artifacts shows that they belong to the time period between 12th – 11th centuries BC. The bronze statues were made using an advanced casting technique which involved mixing lead, copper and tin to create an alloy of superior strength and malleability. This enabled the people of that area to create statues of stunning length. The artistic style of all the artifacts found is quite unique. No other ancient Chinese culture is known to possess a similar style. Archeologists have linked the Sanxingdui culture with the ancient kingdom of Shu. They have also linked the artifacts to early legendary kings. However, the references to the Shu period are not very accurate because historical records for this period are scant. Sanxingdui at its prime was a metropolis; it covered an area of three square kilometers. Its people had a highly developed agricultural system and were capable of making wine and creating ceramics. The making of sacrificial tools and mining were common trades as well. Archaeological findings from the excavation sites show that the settlement at Sanxingdui was suddenly abandoned sometime around 1000 BC. The culture was at the peak of its development, which is why this unexplained end is a mystery which has not been solved yet. Archeologists and historians believe that these pits served as sacrificial sites. The ancient Shu people sought to appease to the earth, heaven, mountains, rivers and other gods by offering sacrifices to them. In fact, the artifacts found there, such as the human-like bronze statues and masks with animal-like faces, were representations of the gods worshipped by these people. Till this date, not much is known about the lives of the people of this ancient culture. The site does not contain any inscriptions. This Bronze Age civilization has gone unrecorded in ancient texts and, by all estimates, remained relatively unknown to the world. The discovery of the site created a fundamental shift in the way historians thought about Ancient China. Traditional views held that there was a single center of civilization in northern China, but Sanxingdui proved that multiple regional centers existed. The Sanxingdui culture most likely worshipped the sun and also their ancestors. There have been signs which point to the likelihood that ancestral and religious temples existed simultaneously. This leads historians to conclude that power was shared between the priest and the king. The Sanxingdui civilization is significantly different from the Xia-Shang Zhou civilization, and therefore enriches the pluralistic characteristic of Ancient Chinese civilizations. These facts can be used in your expository essay to illustrate the uniqueness of the archeological site and the Sanxingdui culture. If you need more information, you can check out the sources listed at the end of this page and learn more about this fascinating culture. If you need more help with the technicalities of writing an expository essay, check our guide on how to write an expository essay on Sanxingdui culture. References: Holloway, A. (2014). The Ancient Artefacts of Sanxingdui That Have Rewritten Chinese History. Epoch Times. Retrieved from http://printarchive.epochtimes.com/a1/en/sg/nnn/2014/09%20September%202014/495/SEPTEMBER19-OCTOBER2_18_lowres.pdf DONG, R. W., DONG, J. (2008). On Outstanding Eyes of Bronze Statuaries in Sanxingdui Relic. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (Social Sciences), 2, 006. CHEN, C., YIN, M. (2005). Symbolic Research of the Bronze Trees from Sanxingdui [J]. Sichuan Cultural Relics, 6, 006. Ge, Y., Linduff, K. (1990). Sanxingdui: a new Bronze Age site in southwest China. Antiquity, 64(244), 505-513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00078406 Xing-shi, L. I. U. (2005). Sanxingdui Civilization and Ancient Geographic Environment [J]. Journal of Changdu University of Technology Social, 1, 000. Xu, J. (2003). Defining the Archaeological Cultures at the Sanxingdui Site. Journal Of East Asian Archaeology, 5(1), 149-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852303776173006 Hui, W. (2007). The Character of Sanxingdui Bronze Head Picture and the Origin of the Chu History Book TAOWU [J]. Journal of Historiography, 4, 007.

Cassius Clay aka Muhammad Ali

I think that idol is a man who did wonderful things and I respect him. Some of what I think is wonderful is to achieve seemingly impossible goals, stick to your rights, and do something extraordinary. Muhammad Ali thinks that I am important others as I admire him and try to have the same conviction he has. Initially Cassius Clay did not have the meaning of boxing. After his bicycle was stolen, in October 1954 his life changed when he was 12 years old. This is a transient moment of history, good for culture and harmful for others. As described in the fourth quarter and the seventh quarter, suitcase, Don Draper's anti-clay (also known as Casius Clay, Muhammad Ali) is growling. Gender discrimination, homosexual aversion, racial discrimination are just a few of the reasons I can not engage. Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali was born in Cassius Marcellus Clay and was born on January 17, 1942 in Louisville, Kentucky. He was named after the White Kentucky abolitionist Cassius M. Clay and was named Marcelus to his father. Ali's father, Mercerous Clay, is a mural painter who has worked a lot in many churches in the area, his mother Odessa (Grayy) Clay is housework. - Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr., Muhammad Ali was born when Muhammad Ali got a reputation for his goal and belief on January 17, 1942. After an excellent boxing career including three world heavyweight boxing tournaments, Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Muhammad Ali and his floating like a butterfly and stinging like a bee struggled to dominate the world of heavyweight boxing for 10 and a half years. Cassius Clay is known as Muhammad Ali. Muhammad Ali is one of the world's greatest boxers and one of the most famous boxers ever. I dance like a butterfly and dance like a bee. This is a phrase that Muhammad Ali lives in the ring and when people danced he really touched him. Muhammad is also one of the most experienced boxers ever. That's why Cassius Clay made Muhammad Ali the best boxer ever. Muhammad Ali Cass ius Marcellus Clay Jr., later became known as Muhammad Ali, is a black boxer and is proud of it. Many African Americans are ashamed of their color, but Ant is different. He was the first boxer to win the heavyweight championship at another time. He has a very good personality and is loved by people. Throughout his life he made a big decision that completely changed his way of life. - Muhammad Ali 1 Muhammad Ali is not only one of the most outstanding warriors in boxing history, but also one of the most knowledgeable people of the 20th century, so the most recognized face on Earth I am alone.

Stakeholder Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stakeholder Analysis - Assignment Example Professional baseball players will have a stake because of their dependence on the success of their respective teams to help in their acquisition of lucrative opportunities and rewards while amateur participants will be dependent on the capability of teams, clubs, and coaches to help them acquire their goals. The different baseball players in various levels will expect a well-organized and regulated baseball sport which will have the ability to offer them opportunities within which they can safely participate even with the security of good medical services in the case of an injury and a functional contract. Other stakeholders include Traffic Control Units as well as the Boston Police Department. The police will be necessary for security patrols and maintenance operations during the baseball game events. This is particularly important due to the fact the games will be scheduled at night and hence the need for a solid and functional security system to ensure the smooth operations and p erformance of the different games. The police unit will work with the internally based security system within Boston University. This close cooperation between the two is important since the BU Security personnel are well versed with the daily operations of the institution. The traffic control unit will be tasked with the responsibility of regulating traffic inflow and outflow during the game nights to prevent any interference with the normal traffic flow on major roads and highways leading to Boston University.

Freedom in Colonial American Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Freedom in Colonial American Society - Essay Example The American civil war went on until 1865 when it was unanimously declared through the emancipation proclamation that stated that all slaves in the confederate states were free. Through state action and through the thirteenth amendment to the American constitution all slaves in the union and the Border States were freed. The American civil war transformed societies not only in the 'union' but also in the confederate states as well as in Canada. This was because all persons of all walks of lives in the three regions were affected. It is claimed that the civil war claimed more than 600,000 lives. On top of this, millions of people were wounded; more millions were left homeless especially in the confederate states, as well as massive destruction of properties in the confederate states. The American civil war also led to wide changes in the American as well as the Canadian way of life. Since slavery, was the backbone that had supported the south's political and social elites, the destruction of it thus meant a backdrop in economic activities To the average southerner the results of the war were poverty, homelessness, and emotional trauma as almost all economic and agricultural infrastructures was destroyed. In addition, the south would have to adopt the north's mode of production specializing in mechanics and industrialization. On the part of the federal state, the outcome of t

Discrimination under Title Vii Civil rights Essay

Discrimination under Title Vii Civil rights - Essay Example ring and firing; 2) compensation, assignment, or classification of employees; 3) transfer, promotion, layoff, or recall; 4) job advertisements; 5) recruitment; 6) testing; 7) use of company facilities; 8) training and apprenticeship programs; 9) fringe benefits; 10) pay, retirement plans, and disability leave; or 11) other terms and conditions of employment.9 Discriminatory practices under these laws also include: a) harassment on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability, genetic information, or age; b) retaliation against an individual for filing a charge of discrimination, participating in an investigation, or opposing discriminatory practices; c) employment decisions based on stereotypes or assumptions about the abilities, traits, or performance of individuals of a certain sex, race, age, religion, or ethnic group, or individuals with disabilities, or based on myths or assumptions about an individual's genetic information; and d) denying employment oppo rtunities to a person because of marriage to, or association with, an individual of a particular race, religion, national origin, or an individual with a disability. Title VII also prohibits discrimination because of participation in schools or places of worship associated with a particular racial, ethnic, or religious group. 10 The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is the agency tasked to enforce this law. It is empowered to prevent any person from engaging in any unlawful employment practice as set forth in section 2000e-2 or 2000e-3 of this title [section 703 or 704]. 11 Whenever a charge is filed by or on behalf of a person claiming to be aggrieved, or by a member of the Commission, alleging that an employer, employment agency, labor organization, or joint labor ­-management...Discrimination under Title Vii Civil rights The Title VII Civil Rights Act also makes sexual harassment in the workplace illegal.3 In the simplest terms, Title VII prohibits employers from making employment related decisions where the decision is motivated by a person’s protected trait.   Thus, for example, an employer may be sued for favoring a white employee over a black employee because of race or color.4 Title VII, the federal law that prohibits most workplace harassment and discrimination, covers all private employers, state and local governments, and educational institutions with 15 or more employees. In addition to prohibiting discrimination against workers because of race, color, national origin, religion, and sex, those protections have been extended to include barring against discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, sex stereotyping, and sexual harassment of employees.5 This law protects employees of a company as well as job applicants. 6 Before the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed an employer could reje ct a job applicant because of his or her race, religion, sex or national origin. This Law however admits some exception. An employer is allowed to discriminate against an applicant or employee where the decision rests on a â€Å"bona fide occupational qualification† or BFOQ. This means that an employer can favor one person over another where the person’s trait is of essence to the performance of the job duties in question. The most notable example is hiring a female for modeling women’s clothing.

Vaccinating cattle against E.coli could cut human cases of infections Article

Vaccinating cattle against E.coli could cut human cases of infections by 85 percent - Article Example When the excretion from the cattle contain high percentage of the bacteria, the infection becomes significant. Nevertheless, there are vaccines, which reduce super-shedding in cattle. The findings of the study were that the vaccination of the cattle is likely to reduce human cases by approximately 85 percent. This is a strong figure supporting the adoption of the vaccine by livestock industries. Various countries like Scotland have engaged in research to establish an economic program for similar vaccination programmes. The aim of these countries is to develop more effective vaccines, which will reduce the impact of the bacterium on human life. Treating the cattle to cut down the number of human infection is justifiable, but there is need to put more effort in implementing the program and meeting the costs of the program. Public health has to be taken seriously to achieve this perspective. The hypothesis of the article was supported because nations across the world are responding positively to the implementation of the program. For instance, Scotland tackles an average of 235 culture positive cases of infections resulting from E.coli. This application continues to be extended to various nations for adoption. For example, the vaccine has been taken up in US. A version in US is not fully licensed yet the authority insists that veterinary medicines must indicate the improvement of human health. Louis, Matthews, Reeve, George, Gally, David L. Low, C. Woolhouse, Mark, McAteer, S. P. Locking, M. E. Chase-Topping, Margo, Haydon, Daniel, Allison, L. J. Hanson, G. Gunn, Joshua, and Reid, S. â€Å"Predicting the public health benefit of vaccinating cattle against Escherichia coli O157†. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013; DOI:

A CATHOLIC WOMAN IN THE AMERICAS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A CATHOLIC WOMAN IN THE AMERICAS - Essay Example econdly, the climate and available natural resources distinctly differ from those found in other parts of the country (‘New England,’ Wikipedia.org). In the 1700s, the New England population was served by merchants, artisans and shopkeepers. Shops bartered imported goods from Britain for crops and other local products like shingles and potash which were then transported to port towns like Boston, Salem, Newport and Providence from where they were exported by merchants to the West Indies on barter trade in exchange for sugar, molasses, gold coins and bills of exchange. Some merchants owned fishing vessels, which they used to transport catches of mackerel and cod to the West Indies and European countries. Other merchants owned saw-mills that used the huge, easily available timber wealth to provide cheap wood that was used to build houses and ships, the latter being sold to American and English merchants (‘Colonial America,’ Wikipedia.org). New England’s Black River Valley located in Rhode Island is credited with being the cradle of the Industrial Revolution in the U.S. on account of the famous Slater Mill, the first water-powered cotton spinning mill in the country that made cloth from cotton. The Slater Mill, set up in 1793, was primarily responsible for making New England a leader in textile production (‘Rhode Island,’ Wikipedia.org). The drawback in the New England economy during the 1700s was that agriculture cultivation was greatly hampered by the region’s rocky soil and unsuitable climate (‘New England,’ Wikipedia.org). As a result, the farmers were able to only grow potatoes and grass like red clover and timothy-grass, the two varieties of grass serving as fodder for cattle. Farming families tried their best to ease their problems by loaning livestock and exchanging surplus goods and labor with one another (‘Colonial America,’ Wikipedia.org). On the political scenario, New England in the 1700s is credited with spawning direct

Business Plan for BSN Restaurant PowerPoint Presentation

Business Plan for BSN Restaurant - PowerPoint Presentation Example At times, customers have visited restaurants only to find that the kind of food they are served that not have the value for their money, perhaps because it is of low quality, it does not match their interest, or because it is completely not what they could have imagined getting. What’s more, customers have been forced to keep shifting from one restaurant to another because they cannot get staff that can respect them and understands their interest. Yet still, many customers have complained that the price of the foods they are sold is too high, yet the food its self is of low quality. These among many other customer frustrations have seen the need to establish BSN restaurant, which will plug these gaps, to give the customers an experience that is hard to get any other restaurant. BSN restaurant strives to be the leading restaurant in the provision and adaptable and customizable customer experience, in the local market. We strive to ensure our patrons receive outstandingly high-q uality meals and hospitable customer care whenever they visit our restaurant. Not only will our patrons receive high-quality meals, but they will also be provided with an atmosphere full of excitement and relaxation. Customer satisfaction will be our overriding principle. In pursuant of this principle, we shall have our motto reading, â€Å"Our customers first, other things second!† Generally, our services will appeal to a broad population, including singles and families, male or female, and young and old. The welfare of our employee will also take a center stage. All will be treated fairly and with the utmost respect so they can be able to give the customers the best of their services.

A CATHOLIC WOMAN IN THE AMERICAS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A CATHOLIC WOMAN IN THE AMERICAS - Essay Example econdly, the climate and available natural resources distinctly differ from those found in other parts of the country (‘New England,’ Wikipedia.org). In the 1700s, the New England population was served by merchants, artisans and shopkeepers. Shops bartered imported goods from Britain for crops and other local products like shingles and potash which were then transported to port towns like Boston, Salem, Newport and Providence from where they were exported by merchants to the West Indies on barter trade in exchange for sugar, molasses, gold coins and bills of exchange. Some merchants owned fishing vessels, which they used to transport catches of mackerel and cod to the West Indies and European countries. Other merchants owned saw-mills that used the huge, easily available timber wealth to provide cheap wood that was used to build houses and ships, the latter being sold to American and English merchants (‘Colonial America,’ Wikipedia.org). New England’s Black River Valley located in Rhode Island is credited with being the cradle of the Industrial Revolution in the U.S. on account of the famous Slater Mill, the first water-powered cotton spinning mill in the country that made cloth from cotton. The Slater Mill, set up in 1793, was primarily responsible for making New England a leader in textile production (‘Rhode Island,’ Wikipedia.org). The drawback in the New England economy during the 1700s was that agriculture cultivation was greatly hampered by the region’s rocky soil and unsuitable climate (‘New England,’ Wikipedia.org). As a result, the farmers were able to only grow potatoes and grass like red clover and timothy-grass, the two varieties of grass serving as fodder for cattle. Farming families tried their best to ease their problems by loaning livestock and exchanging surplus goods and labor with one another (‘Colonial America,’ Wikipedia.org). On the political scenario, New England in the 1700s is credited with spawning direct

Health Campaign Paper Essay Example for Free

Health Campaign Paper Essay The concept of the Philadelphia Department of Public Health was developed in 1732 when the Philadelphia Almshouse began to provide free hospital care to the poor. According to the City of Philadelphia (2010), the Department of Public Health protects health and promotes healthy lifestyles for all Philadelphians. The Department of Public Health â€Å"provides services, set policies, and enforce laws that support the dignity of every man, woman, and child in Philadelphia† (City of Philadelphia, 2010). There are thirteen divisions of the department that are responsible for providing patient services related to those divisions. Each of the division has a primary focus to use to remain on task to achieve the goals of the division. Core Functions According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2011), there are three core functions relating to public health. The three core functions are assessment, policy development, and assurance. Each core function has related essential services that are necessary for each function to be completed. One of the divisions of the Philadelphia Department of Public Health is Disease Control. There are seven services of Disease Control which include acute communicable disease control, bioterrorism and public health preparedness, epidemiology, immunization, sexually transmitted disease control, tuberculosis control, and data and reports. Each of these services work together to assess the spread of disease (including the amount and types of diseases spread), researches ways to control disease processes, develops and implements public health plans to control the spread of disease, and provides information based on the recorded observations to both the health care and public populat ions. Reassurance is provided to the population by relaying information via media, health bulletin, and public service announcements regarding disease processes, control, and prevention. There are eight health centers operated by the Philadelphia Department of Public Health that provide care to neighborhood patient populations. These centers accept insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, and uninsured patient population. Basic outpatient and acute care services, medical management, checkups, women’s health, counseling, lab work, and social work support are all provided by the centers. This additional care allows the burden of care to be shared in the community and not just at the local hospital. When patients register for appointments they have the option to see the same physicians to provide continuity of care for each visit. There are also many federally funded clinics in operation according to the City of Philadelphia (2010). The clinics also work with the local health centers and hospital to provide care to the area residents. Influencing Hospital Setting Public health has directly affected the many things in the hospital setting since its development. The control of infectious diseases is a direct response to the development of public health initiatives. According to the Association of Schools of Public Health (2012), education for both health care workers and general population to increase sanitation has significantly increased reduction of the spread of infectious diseases. Today assessing and monitoring hand washing technique is frequently done hospital wide to prevent spread of infection. Education is provided continually for patients and health care providers as well as reporting of hand washing monitoring statistics related to facility hand washing reports. Continual reassurances of the benefits of hand washing are shared in staff meetings, facility conferences, and performance reviews by administration and management. Risk factor modification for blood pressure control has proven beneficial in decreasing coronary artery disease and stroke mortality rates reports the Association of Schools of Public Health (2012). Public awareness of genetic factors has been promoted via public service announcements, blood pressure/diabetes screenings, and hospital awareness newsletters. Hospitals have incorporated coronary artery disease and stroke awareness into programs to reduce stroke and myocardial infarction mortality rates. Many facilities have added to the awareness by adding public health fairs to promote risk factor awareness, disease prevention, and health promotion. Role of Public Health Workers â€Å"Public health professionals try to prevent problems from happening or re-occurring through implementing educational programs, developing policies, administering services, regulating health systems and some health professions, and conducting research, in contrast to clinical professionals, such as doctors and nurses, who focus primarily on treating individuals after they become sick or injured† (Association of Schools of Public Health ,2012). Public health workers can be anyone from a physician to the sanitation worker. Public health workers are responsible for the duties they were trained for professionally as well as collecting data, discovering resources, provides, emotional support, plans for preparedness for disasters, provides education, and provides organization to work toward positive outcomes using the information gathered and plans developed. Researchers, for example, gather the information and collect surveys to assess the public’s health care needs. The information is used to determine the changes that need to be made as well as the public education that has to be provided. Social needs are also addressed by social workers and counselors to provide support and reassurance. Providig reassurance allows many to feel that their questions and concerns will be addressed. Follow up surveys may also be used to assess the education process and obtain long term feedback from the population addressed. Conclusion Public health is a demanding but fulfilling job for many individuals who work together for the good of society. Continually assessing the needs of the communities allows disease processes to be defined and investigated appropriately to gauge its danger to the surrounding population. Researching and developing plans for controlling the disease process allows educational pieces to be developed to relay to the population to provide reassurance of a possible solution or changes that must be made to avoid the disease process all together. The Philadelphia Department of Public Health has a large population to provide services to. The Divisions assist by breaking down services into manageable parts to be assessed and developed individually. Working together with local hospitals and clinics provides continuity of care between services while receiving education to better the city for future residents. References Association of Schools of Public Health. (2012). The 20th century’s ten great public health achievements in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.whatispublichealth.org/impact/achievements.html Centers for Disease control and Prevention. (2011, May 25). Core functions of public health and how they relate to the ten essential services. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/ephli/core_ess.htm City of Philadelphia. (2010). Public health city of Philadelphia life liberty and you. Retrieved from http://www.phila.gov/health/AboutDPH.html

A Study Based On Senge Model

A Study Based On Senge Model The importance of organizational learning in organizations can never be underestimated. In Malaysian manufacturing industries, the applications of organizational learning could be the crucial factors that keep the continuous improvement going. Organizational learning is a popular practice among manufacturing organizations. The organization learns to adapt to culture and environments changes. Organizational learning can be traced back to Cyert and March (1963) who introduced the terms of Organizational Learning. Some have claimed that Argyris and Schà ¶n (1978) were the first one to propose models that facilitate organizational learning. Using Gregory Batesons concepts of first and second order learning, they distinguish the single-loop and double-loop learning. Organizational learning can be defined in various ways and an organization does not only able to learn but it also can unlearn in some way to enhance their continuous improvement. According to Senges The Fifth Principles: The Art and Practice of The Learning Organization book which was released in 1990, there are five disciplines in Organizational Learning. Those five disciplines are: System Thinking Personal Mastery Mental Models Shared Vision Team Learning Each of this discipline can be used individually or in any combination to suit an organization needs. These disciplines have been used widely in public as well as private sector to produce learning organization. This research will be focusing on the learning organization practices in Malaysian manufacturing companies based on the Senges five disciplines models. The manufacturing companies will be selected from three manufacturing industries which is automotive, electronics and ICT. The independent variables in this research would be the Senge Five Disiplines Model and the dependent variables in this research would be Learning Organizational. Research Questions In order to remain competitive, Malaysian manufacturing companies have been actively looking for ways to become learning organization .The only way to stay ahead in this global business environment is the rate of learning of the organization is greater than the rate of change. Mainly, this study tries to investigate the learning organization characteristics based on Peter Senges Model in Malaysian Manufacturing firms. Specifically this study attempt to answer these questions: Is there any evidence of learning organization traits based on Senge Model in the selected manufacturing firms? What is the element in Senge LO Model that is dominant in the selected manufacturing firms? How significance is the difference of LO dimension between the three clusters of manufacturing firms? Objectives To investigate the evidence of learning organization traits based on Senge Model in the selected manufacturing firms. To determine the element in Senge LO Model that is dominant in the selected manufacturing firms To determine whether there is a significance difference in the dimension of LO in three clusters of the manufacturing firms. 1.4 Scope, Limitations and Key Assumption of the project This study is based on Senges model of learning organization. One of the models concerning description of learning organization is Peter Senges model. The essence of this model is the interconnectedness between individual learning and organizational learning. Organization cannot learn until all the members begin to learn. (Senge, 1990). The respondents will be selected from three sectors of manufacturing in Malaysia; automotive, electronics and ICT. There are some limitations in this research. This research will not cover an organization culture and organization points of view in both of these concept since time limitations as well as geographical factors. This research only covers manufacturing companies in Malaysia and will not be able to done research any other area or country. This might lead the results of the research only on that particular area. Some of the respondent (Managers and Supervisors) may refuse to respond since some of the companies stated some rules on regulation about company confidentiality. 1.5 Importance of the Project This study was made to investigate the implementation of organizational learning concept in Malaysian manufacturing concept. This study was also made to determine the dominant element in Senges five disciplines that have been applied in Malaysian manufacturing companies. By achieving both of these objectives, the researcher may able to know the progress and growth of Malaysian manufacturing in the organizational learning. This research also one of the few research that focusing on Senges five disciplines. This research was hoped to give more understanding to managers and supervisors in applying organizational learning as well as building a learning organization. This research may be able to give manager a clearer view on Senges five disciplines and the effects of it on an organization. It may also give the industrial a new view on the difference in the dimension of organizational learning in three clusters of the manufacturing organizations. 1.6 Summary This chapter consists of the directions of this research. The introduction explains briefly the meaning of organizational learning and Senges five disciplines. This chapter also explains the objectives of this research as well as the research questions of this study. The significance of this research is it will explain the nature of a learning organization based on Malaysian manufacturing companies. It will also discover how well Senges model is recognized by the companies. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introductions This chapter highlights the literature review on organizational learning which consist the definition of the organizational learning as well as the rich history of it. It will explain about Senge Five Disciplines Models. This study used various reference materials as a guide lines such as books, journals, thesis and other published medium. The information from this research can be used to strengthen the understanding and conceptualized research framework. 2.2 Organizational Learning Organizational Learning is considered one of the most powerful tools in an organization continuous improvement. Organizational learning can be defined in many ways since there are no absolute ways to implement organizational learning in an organization but there is only one goal in organizational learning which is people on all levels in an organizational by individually or by group continually and consistently improves their knowledge and ability on performing to work given to them. Organizational learning is really important as its give an organization a clear vision or milestones where and what the organization wants to achieve in few years ahead. It also important to know that your organization grows through the years by learning and that is just what organizational learning can do for an organization. As today electrical and electronic industry become more competitive than ever, it is important and at the same time relieving to know that your organization is learning and got what it takes to compete. 2.2.1 Definition of Organizational Learning Organizational learning has been around for a long period of time and there were more than one definition to define organizational learning. Arygis(1977) defines organizational learning as detection and correction of errors. He sees that an organization learns from the individuals or the workers. He stated that The individuals learning activities, in turn, are facilitated or inhibited by an ecological system of factors that may be called an organizational learning system (Arygris, 1977, p.117) One of the theorists in this field, Huber (1991) viewed organizational learning from behavioral perspective. An entity learns if, through its processing of information, the range of its potential behaviors is changed. (Huber, 1991) From this statement, an individuals effectiveness or potential does not always improve by learning. In addition to that, learning does not need to lead to changes that can be seen in behavior. Knowledge acquisition, information distribution, information interpretation, and organizational memory is a four construct as integrally linked to organizational learning as has been considered by Huber. He explained that learning does not need to be conscious or intentional. Some other notable definitions of organizational learning from well-known theorist in the field are: The ability of an organization to gain insight and understanding from experience through experimentation, observation, analysis, and a willingness to examine both successes and failures (McGill et al, 1992). in which you cannot not learn because learning is so insinuated into the fabric of life. (Senge, 1990) a group of people continually enhancing their capacity to create what they want to create.(Senge, 1990) A Learning Company is an organisation that facilitates the learning of all its members and continuously transforms itself(Mike Pedlar, Tom Boydell, John Burgoyne, 1988) The Learning Organisation can mean two things : it can mean an organisation which learns and / or organisation which encourages learning in its people. It should mean both (Charles Handy, 1989) 2.2.2 History of Organizational Learning As has been mentioned before in chapter 1, organizational learning was first introduced by Cyert and March (1963). The concept of System Thinking was introduced in the 1950s. This concept implying that the organization needs to be aware about the organization as well as the individuals on the organization. Before this concept was introduced, most company only focus on the organization goals without considering the workers needs. This concept was never implemented in any organization at that time. Gould-Kreutzer Associates, Inc. defined System Thinking as: A framework for seeing interrelationships rather than things; to see the forest and the trees. (Gould-Kreutzer Associates, Inc) This statement clearly stated that system thinking is concept that not only focusing on business or an organizational goals but to focus individuals needs and goals. The forest here is a metaphor for organization and the trees is a metaphor for individuals or workers in the organization. This concept is trying to change the managerial views at that time from being business goals-oriented to continuous improvement. From the concept of System Thinking, a new system emerged which was called Decision Support System (DSS). This concept is changing the traditional way of decisions making. This new model help executive to make decisions for the company future. Incidentally, the model benefits management more rather than the systems operation. This is because the model more focuses on what the business really was and providing the alternatives for the future. One of DSS major contribution is that it made implicit knowledge explicit. This has caused the organization have more knowledge to explore and learn better than before since explicit knowledge spread much faster throughout the organization. Because of this, DSS can be seen as additional method of communication. The idea of this concept later was renamed into organizational learning in 1970s. Some have claimed that the term of Organizational Learning was introduced by Cyert and March (1963). One of the earliest theorists in organizational learning was and still is Chris Arygris. He published a book entitled Organizational Learning in 1978 and Organizational Learning II in 1996. At that time, Organizational Learning concept was still not taken seriously by any organizations. Not until Peter Senge published the book The Fifth Principles: The Art and Practice of The Learning Organization in 1990 the organizational learning is taken importantly. This book influence many organizations to start taking Organizational learning into consideration. Since then, organizational learning has evolved until what of we known as today. 2.3 The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization In 1990, Peter Senge, one of the theorist and gurus in Organizational Learning published a book that changed the managerial views. The book entitled The Fifth Principles: The Art and Practice of The Learning Organization. In the book, Senge list out five discipline that is a must in a learning organizational. The five disciplines are Personal Mastery, System Thinking, Mental Models, Shared Vision and Team Learning. 2.3.1 Personal Mastery Organizations learn only through individuals who learn. Individual learning does not guarantee organizational learning. But without it no organizational learning occurs (Senge, 1990, p.139) Personal mastery is the discipline of continually clarifying and deepening our personal vision, of focusing our energies, of developing patience, and of seeing reality objectively (Senge, 1990, p. 7) It goes beyond competence and skills, although it involves them. It goes beyond spiritual opening, although it involves spiritual growth (Senge, 1990, p. 141) From these citations from Senge, we can conclude that an organization only learns when the individuals or the workers in the organizations start to learn. Personal mastery its a traits that every individuals should have. The higher level of personal mastery an individual has the stronger their will to continue learning and improve themselves. Peter Senge mentioned in his book Personal Mastery as People with a high level of personal mastery live in a continual learning mode. They never arrive. Sometimes, language, such as the term personal mastery creates a misleading sense of definiteness, of black and white. But personal mastery is not something you possess. It is a process. It is a lifelong discipline. People with a high level of personal mastery are acutely aware of their ignorance, their incompetence, their growth areas. And they are deeply self-confident. Paradoxical? Only for those who do not see the journey is the reward. (Senge, 1990, p.142) From what Senge has cited, we know that the goals are not the reward; the journey toward the goals is the reward itself. The lifelong process of learning is what Personal Mastery is all about. The acknowledgement of not knowing and the desire to learn is what drives an individual to learn and to achieve Personal Mastery. In other words, without Personal Mastery disciplines in the individuals, the organizations might never start to learn. Those who have a high level of Personal Mastery might often find asking these kinds of questions to themselves; Why do I have to learn this? Why is it important to learn? To summarize it, personal Mastery helps and guides an individual to realize what they have and what they dont. It also makes an individual aware of their attitude and belief as well as be responsible to their action. 2.3.2 System Thinking In his book, Peter Senge also includes a system theory among the five disciplines. Some have claimed that system thinking is the conceptual cornerstone of the Senges five discipline models. This mainly because of peter Senge said it himself; It is the discipline that integrates the others, fusing them into a coherent body of theory and practice (Senge, 1990, p.12) Senge explained more on system thinking in his book. He mentioned system thinking is interconnected with other four disciplines. Systems thinking also needs the disciplines of building shared vision, mental models, team learning, and personal mastery to realize its potential. Building shared vision fosters a commitment to the long term. Mental models focus on the openness needed to unearth shortcomings in our present ways of seeing the world. Team learning develops the skills of groups of people to look for the larger picture beyond individual perspectives. And personal mastery fosters the personal motivation to continually learn how our actions affect our world. (Senge, 1990, p.12) System thinking can be said as a system that should be use on overcoming problems as a whole, not only on that particular problem. Focusing only on specific part or problem may lead to unwanted or unintended consequences. Instead of focusing only on that specific parts or problems System Thinking take larger accounts and investigate the interactions of the parts or problems with every other parts of the system. This characteristic makes it an effective solving method especially when dealing with difficult types of problems. The problems that involving complex issues and needed to be seen by big picture, the problems that recurring or depending on the past, and the problems which the solution are not obvious are the ones that needed the application of System Thinking. As Peter Senge said in his book, We learn best from our experience, but we never directly experience the consequences of many of our most important decisions,(Senge, 1990, p.23) we tend to focus only on the solution that problems cause but only on the short-terms. System Thinking forces an organization not only focusing on the solution for improvement for a shot-term but at the long-term as well. Peter Senge also urged organizations to use System map. System map is a diagram showing the important elements or parts in the organization and how they were connected to each other. Here is the example of System Map. (Source: www.cogneon.de) C:UsersNAIM RAHIMDownloadslearning-organization.png Figure 2.1 System Map Learning Organizations 2.3.3 Mental Models Peter Senge defines Mental Models as deeply ingrained assumptions, generalizations, or even pictures and images that influence how we understand the world and how we take action (Senge, 1990, p.8) Mental models are the vision we have in our mind. How our mind process the things we see and what we expect to happen in the future. For example, when we see a bullet shot to a balloon, our mind would come out with what would happen to the balloon. Most of us would have the vision of the balloon explode. From this example, we can assume that our mind can share the same vision. Applying this to an organization, if the workers or individuals in the organization shared the same vision, they can changed their behavior and shape their strategies and internal ways of working. The discipline of mental models starts with turning the mirror inward; learning to unearth our internal pictures of the world, to bring them to the surface and hold them rigorously to scrutiny. It also includes the ability to carry on learningful conversations that balance inquiry and advocacy, where people expose their own thinking effectively and make that thinking open to the influence of others. (Senge, 1990, p.9) From this citation, Peter Senge said that every thought should be mentioned and exposed so everyone can learn and influence from ones thought. By doing this, an organization can start learning as everyone will start to learn new skills and develop new orientations parallel to the organization goals. Senge also said that Mental Models is Moving the organization in the right direction entails working to transcend the sorts of internal politics and game playing that dominate traditional organizations. In other words it means fostering openness (Senge, 1990, p.273-286). Senge continued by saying It also involves seeking to distribute business responsibly far more widely while retaining coordination and control. Learning organizations are localized organizations (Senge, 1990, p.287-301) Models are not perfect but sometimes it can be useful. In this case, Mental Models are not an exceptional but if the organization using it in the right ways, there are so many things it can learn from it. 2.3.4 Building Shared Vision Shared vision refers to the ability for an organization to share or hold the same goals or future that they want to achieve. According to Senge, building a shared vision is the capacity to hold a share picture of the future we seek to create (Senge, 1990, p.9) Building a shared vision for an organization is very important. All individuals in the organization will work toward one goal, which will make the organization, become more effective. This also can foster a sense of the long term which is fundamentally one of the five disciplines core beliefs. When there is a genuine vision (as opposed to the all-to-familiar vision statement), people excel and learn, not because they are told to, but because they want to. But many leaders have personal visions that never get translated into shared visions that galvanize an organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ What has been lacking is a discipline for translating vision into shared vision not a cookbook but a set of principles and guiding practices.(Senge, 1990, p.9) The practice of shared vision involves the skills of unearthing shared pictures of the future that foster genuine commitment and enrolment rather than compliance. In mastering this discipline, leaders learn the counter-productiveness of trying to dictate a vision, no matter how heartfelt. (Senge, 1990, p.9) It is very important for any organization leader to realize the importance of shared vision. The leader not only should be able to command the workers to do things but also to create a learning organization which the workers not only learn continuously because they have to, but because they want to. The individuals in the organization also play an important role in shared vision. They must clearly understand the shared vision of the organization and also know where they are at the present and they want to be in the future. 2.3.5 Team Learning According to Senge, team learning is the process of aligning and developing the capacities of a team to create the results its members truly desire(Senge, 1990, p.236) By having Personal Mastery and Shared Vision, an organization may have Team Learning. But most of the times it is not enough. An organization needs to get the workers to act together. By having the workers work together as a team, the shared vision and personal mastery become better and the organizational learning can be achieve. The discipline of team learning starts with dialogue, the capacity of members of a team to suspend assumptions and enter into a genuine thinking together. To the Greeks dia-logos meant a free-flowing if meaning through a group, allowing the group to discover insights not attainable individuallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. [It] also involves learning how to recognize the patterns of interaction in teams that undermine learning. (Senge, 1990, p.10) To start team learning, the individuals of the organization must start to speak their mind up. In my opinion, this is what Senge means by dialogue. When people start to speak up their mind, other people would give their own opinion and start a discussion or a genuine thinking together. It also helps the group to achieve an insight which might not be able to be achieved by thinking individually. By using team learning, the team may identify the kind of interaction that may stop the learning progress in the team. As people talk, the vision grows clearer. As it gets clearer, enthusiasm for its benefits grow' (Senge, 1990, p.227) By constantly sharing insightful information and knowledge, the visions become clearer and the enthusiasm will be spread among the individuals in the organization. 2.4 Relationships between Senge Five Disciplines Model, Organizational Learning and Malaysian manufacturing companies. Manufacturing industry is probably one of the most competitive industries in Malaysia. Thats why it is very important for the manufacturing companies to keep learning. The companies that capable of learning will have a big advantage than those who didnt. In this research, the researcher will try to found out the evidence of Senge Five Disciplines model that forms a learning organization in Malaysian manufacturing companies. In recent years, Malaysian manufacturing companies begin to adapt to the learning organization theories but it was never been proved that Senge Five disciplines models were used in their effort on becoming a learning organization. 2.5 Summary From this chapter, we can conclude that there are the relationship exists between Senge Five Disciplines Model, Organizational Learning and Malaysian manufacturing companies. By understanding the relationship between these three, the question now arise as to which disciplines from the five disciplines are the dominant element in Malaysian manufacturing companies. The theoretical framework for this research as in Table 2.1 Malaysian Manufacturing Companies Learning Organization Team Learning Shared Vision Mental Models System Thinking Personal MasteryIndependent Variables Dependent Variables Table 2.1 Theoretical Framework CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This chapter outlines the research the research design for this study and the manner in which the research was conducted. The research methodology used in this study is described. This chapter consists of research design, method research design, primary and secondary data sources, research strategy, and scientific canons. The instruments used to collect data are also described. 3.2 Research Design Research design can be divided into fixed and flexible research designs (Robson, 1993). As in this research, the quantitative approach was taken. As has been described by Burns and Grove (1993, p.777) quantitative research is a formal, objective, systematic process to describe and test relationship and examine cause and effect interactions among variables. Research design is important because it gives the direction to the study and what to find that may be significant to the study. 3.2.1 Exploratory studies An exploratory study is a type of studies or research conducted when the problems are not clearly defined. Exploratory studies usually depends on secondary research such as reviewing past journals, literature and data, interviewing experts in the industry, conducting in-depth individual interview and sometimes conducting focus group interview. 3.2.2 Descriptive studies Descriptive studies sometimes can be referred as statistical research. The objective of descriptive studies is to gain an accurate profile of events, persons or situations (Saunders, 1997). Descriptive studies usually involved observing and describing the behavior of subject without influencing it in any way. Descriptive studies cannot describe what cause a situation although the data description is factual, accurate and systematic. 3.2.3 Explanatory studies The explanatory studies explained the way of certain event. The outcomes of event could be either positive or negative. So basically, the explanatory research is a research that conducted to find out and to explain any behavior or event. 3.3 Research Design Method The research design for this study is the by using the quantitative method. Surveys and questionnaire may be used for the descriptive, explanatory and exploratory research. The questionnaire in this research is a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was made for data and information collection and it will be distributes personally by the researcher. This research design was chosen to accomplish the objectives of the study and the researcher believes that the quantitative method is the best way to meet those objectives. 3.3.1 Quantitative Method Quantitative research method is a non-numeric data such as words, images, video clips, and other similar material. The aim of quantitative research is to develop statistically reliable information from sample data that can be generalized to a larger population (Dutka, 1995). Quantitative research uses a relatively short structured questionnaire, while the survey sample should be large enough in order to provide a statistically reliable set of responses. The collected information is also analyzed using specific statistical techniques and quantitative tools. In the case of customer satisfaction measurement and developing new product, this type of research is focused on the quantification of satisfaction information. The most frequently used types of quantitative research are mail survey, personal interviews, and telephone surveys (Gerson, 1993). 3.4 Primary and secondary data sources In this research, the data and information collected from two main sources which are the primary resources and the secondary resources. 3.4.1 Primary data The primary data for this research are the book from Peter Senge which was released in 1990, The Fifth Principles: The Art and Practice of The Learning Organization. Another primary data for this research would be the questionnaire that will be distributed to three sectors of manufacturing in Malaysia; automotive, electronics and ICT. From here, the researcher will gather the data in the three sectors managers or supervisors that involved in the surveys whether by face-to-face, emails, telephone calls or any other ways. 3.4.2 Secondary data The secondary data in this study were collected before the researcher proceeds to collect the primary data in the three sectors of manufacturing industry in Malaysia; automotive, electronics and ICT. A bunch of useful information was collected as it is already exist in the form of secondary data. The secondary data that was used in this study are journals, relevant internets site, magazines and articles. 3.5 Location of Research The lacation or this research would be focusing on Malaysian Manufacturing. The group focus would be 3.6 Research Strategy Research strategy can be defined as a plan for a researcher to achieve the objectives of the study as well as how the reascher going to answer the research questions. There are many strategies that can be used in research strategies such as Experimental, survey, archival research and case study. The researchers choose the survey strategy for this study. The reason survey method was chose is because they allow the collect quantitative data and can suggest possible reasons for particular relationship between independent variables and dependent variables. It also gives the researcher more control over the research process as well as lower in cost compared to other methods. The strategies for the survey method are as follows: Preparing the Survey As has been mentioned before, the research will be using quantitative method where a set of survey is used to gather related data and information for this study. The questionnaire or the surveys were constructed based on the research question and research objectives. The respondent for the questionnaire would be the employees from Malaysian manufacturing industries. Survey research design The survey design divided to several ways. There are structured way (the formal list of questions use and all the respondents have to answer the same question) an