Stretching the Principles of Revenue Recognition Essay Example for Free

Stretching the Principles of Revenue Recognition Essay In the business world, not everything will work perfect to our advantage, but one thing people in the business world should always make sure to do is to be smart when making decisions. The best way to be smart on making decisions is following their own ethics as leaders. To be successful, there should not exist dishonesty, greed, or arrogance because these three factors will bring any business to failure. However many times, leaders such as CEO’s and CFO’s are faced with difficult dilemmas that put them in question of their own ethics and values, such as the following case of the CFO of venture-backed tech startup, John and CEO Ralph. John and Ralph are faced with the dilemma of whether to commit fraud for the company’s ability to stay afloat, or have trouble with gaining sufficient funding in the second round, which could mean go bankrupt and that will be the end of the company. The problem leading to such a serious dilemma is that the company had been doing really well, but recently big customers have been placing fewer orders, giving Ralph the pressure to show growth because the company is ventured-backed and the investors expect results. Ralph feeling so pressured to show growth, talked to John about recording a major order that was still under negotiation as the current quarter is ending in the next few days; â€Å"including this order would give a significant boost to the company’s financial reports.† But doing so John knows they will be committing fraud for the survival of the company, as the paper states â€Å"the Sarbanes Oxley Act requires the CEO and CFO to sign off on all quarterl y reports.† This dilemma puts John in test of his ethical standards. John is accountable to perform ethical business practice and SHOULD NOT record the major order before the deal goes through. He should tell CEO Ralph that he cannot perform fraud because it is against his ethics and morals as well as jeopardizing his reputation, and the company’s reputation as well. Doing this act can save the company but it can also lose the company. John and Ralph are leaders of the company and should always follow Ethical behavior because doing so they are acting in a way that is good and mutually beneficial for themselves and society in all. Even though they are afraid to go bankrupts, it is better to be honest and by being honest they are also following the law. It’s an illegal case, and they should both think of the negative consequences it would bring them if they sign it. By going against the law, they will not only lose the company but also their own freedom ending up in jail, similar to the Enron case. The Enron case has influenced my answer because it should teach people in the business world what being unethical causes and why no one should commit fraud because the truth always comes out. I myself am not in favor of committing fraud, and from my morals, and life rules, I will never commit it even if it will make me a millionaire over night. Many people that commit fraud the first time and don’t get caught will keep performing it over and over again making it their habit, until one day they get caught just like the case in the movie The Wolf of Wall Street, specially when it involves a lot of money, and forgets the consequences they will be faced later when they get caught. They become irresponsible and forget the effect they are causing on others. Ralph is being so irresponsible and selfish by telling John to book the order. The Enron documentary should teach every viewer that if one is going to commit fraud, it should not affects others. Ralph should know better that if John was to lie in his finance records and perform Ralph’s actions, not only John but also the company, as a whole will suffer consequences similar to the ones faced by Enron and its executives. Just like the Enron case where the CEO and the CFO both go to jail and the corporation went bankrupt would be the result of John and Ralph’s action of fraud. Following the Enron case, if I were to structure a company to avoid situations such as the one described in the hypothetical and others that have been discussed in class would be to promote better corporate culture in the company by giving seminars, bring famous speakers that have been through  unethical situations and have learned from their mistakes, have organizational in the company from the top leaders to do the right thing and be great role models to all employees, and AVOID personal issues that will do wrong to the company. Biased board of directors and have a great Human Resources program. I would create a systemic where if things are going wrong find the ethical solution to fix it without breaking the law, be ready and prepare everyone else for any changes around the company, set up a program to check everyone’s movements because as we all know, preaching ethics and excluding unethical employees is not very effective action so by controlling everyone’s moveme nts will have me in control of everything that goes around the company making sure no one is committing fraud and also making it very clear to all employees that illegal actions are not tolerated ever in the company and will have serious consequences. And finally, the measures I would implement in a company to promote ethical conduct would be Check and Balance. Use two different accounting firms to make sure the company is getting the same records in both and that there’s not fraud committed. Also change the auditors every 3 to 4 years to make sure they won’t commit fraud on the long run. I would also have every employee address the 6 questions of my company when making decisions; 1. How would the decision make me feel about myself? 2. The Golden Rule. 3. What would others think of you? 4. Is the action illegal? 5. Who is affected? To what extend? How? 6. Could the decision become a habit forming? These questions are very important because the answers will give them the right decision to make and they should know better to not cause the company any illegal dilemmas. As the leader of the company I will also never give up on preaching ethics no matter if its effective or not because it will make it clear that honesty i s very important if you are working for me. I will also show cases like Enron, and have seminars to get my point across and teach my employees the right ethics to be successful.

Analysis of validity and reliability of intelligence assessments

Analysis of validity and reliability of intelligence assessments Measuring intelligence has always been a pragmatic thing to do (Wilhelm Engle, 2005). Most people find it hard to be rational in measuring their intelligence. As a common usage, intelligence is attested quantifiably by understanding the admissibility of a degree (Bartholomew, 2004) In other words, there can be no way that intelligence would be perfectly quantified. Only the nearness or the relative distance can be the mode of measuring ones intelligence. David Wechsler (Bartholomew, 2004) defines intelligence as the aggregate ability of an individual to have a rational thinking, a purposive act, and an effective dealing with his environment. Some writers however define intelligence negatively. That is, the doing away of tests. It is important to differentiate between intelligence quotient (IQ) and intelligence itself. IQ does not simply refer to the quantity of intelligence a person has, rather it refers to the relative standing of an individual with regard to his performance in an intelligence test as compared to others who took the same test (Zastrow Kirst-Ashman, 2007). When intelligence is measured in terms of a numerical result (i.e. I.Q. is 140), we cannot be sure that we are really talking about intelligence since there is a substitution of precision for vagueness (Govier, 2009). The original purpose of intelligence test was primarily to identify the least capable students that are finding it hard to learn from ordinary schooling (Kalat, 2010). However, it was later used to determine who among the students excel and during entrance examinations in universities. It is seemingly difficult if not impossible to devise a test that would truly measure the innate intelligence without being bias culturally. Innate ability cannot be measured if cultural bias exists (Young, 2006). Bias refers to the existence of nuisance factors that makes it difficult to compare the intelligence tests results across different cultural groups (Prifitera et al. 2008). There are three kinds of cultural biases in intelligence tests vis-a-viz construct bias, method bias, and differential item functioning (Lovler, Miller, McIntire, 2010). Construct bias occurs when there are different systems of meaning from culture to culture. For instance, a good daughter in a country might have a different characteristic in another country. Method bias occurs when the procedure of the test vary from different cultures such as when in a certain country, participants are used to input data electronically while in another country, participants are used to answering manually through paper s. Differential item functioning or item bias occurs when there is a great gap in the test scores of the participants in different cultures who have relatively the same abilities. For example, different regional groups might have different scores in a history test regarding their home country even if all of them are familiar with its history. In order to eliminate cultural biases in intelligence tests, culture-free tests became a demand. As the name imply this test attempt to eliminate cultural and educational differences (Haselbauer, 2006). The most common mediums used in this test are pictures or images which assess spatial capabilities of the participants such as visualization and perception. The validity of the tests is equally important as the reliability of the test. Validity is challenged when a participant in the test cannot communicate in the language used in the test (Rhodes, 2005). Critics of IQ tests argue that the differences in IQ scores are attributable to the orientation of the test makers such as their experiences, vocabulary and language, and lifestyles (Weiten, 2008). Construct-related validity refers to the extent which the test instrument can capture the details it is designed to measure (Sternberg, 2010). Methods To be able to determine the validity of intelligence tests particularly on the way it is constructed, this paper will investigate whether validity of tests vary between English speakers and non-English speakers. The kind of test that will be used is PSYGAT which focuses mainly on the verbal capability of the participant. This will be conducted after the participants have taken the Queendom test and Culture Fair IQ test. Participants will be composed of a total number of 337 from which 269 (79.8%) are females and 68 (20.2%) are males. The sex standard deviation for the participants with English-speaking backgrounds (ESB) will be 0.407 while those with non-English speaking background (NESB) will be 0.389. After getting the result of the test, it will be analyzed based on age. The age standard deviation for ESBs will be 7.514 while for NESBs it is 7.627. Ages range from 19-55 for ESBs and 19-62 for NESBs. Aim This study aims to determine if PSYGAT is internally reliable when a group of participants with English-speaking backgrounds and non-English speaking backgrounds are compared. An initial hypothesis for this study is that PSYGAT will be a reliable means of intelligence computation vis-a-viz significant convergent validity in the same way as the Queendom and Culture Fair IQ tests. However, between ESB and NESB, it is hypothesized that they will differ in terms of reliability and validity. Results Item Analysis Upon checking for internal consistency of data using Cronbachs alpha, it can be assessed that results were reliable, especially as most of the generated alpha were higher than 80 percent. The following are reliability statistics with their corresponding Cronbachs alpha  [1]  : Reliability of data for overall sample for all 55 questions Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha .898 Reliability of data for overall sample for the 25 best discriminating questions Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha .848 Reliability of the data for ESB group for the 25 best discriminating questions Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha .851 Reliability of the ESB for all 55 questions Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha .901 Reliability of the data for NESB group for the 25 best discriminating questions Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha .841 Reliability of the NESB group for all 55 questions Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha .889 Validity of PSYGAT In order to test the validity of PSYGAT, the correlation scores of the PSYGAT (total scores) on each of the Queendom tests were obtained using SPSS. Correlations (for all sample) Total Queendom Verbal Adjusted Total Pearson Correlation 1 .466** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 337 337 Queendom Verbal Adjusted Pearson Correlation .466** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 337 337 Queendom Culture Fair IQ Pearson Correlation .098 -.283** Sig. (2-tailed) .073 .000 N 337 337 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Correlations for ESB Group Total Queendom Verbal Adjusted Total Pearson Correlation 1 .433** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 244 244 Queendom Verbal Adjusted Pearson Correlation .433** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 244 244 Queendom Culture Fair IQ Pearson Correlation .067 -.341** Sig. (2-tailed) .295 .000 N 244 244 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Correlations for NESB group Total Queendom Verbal Adjusted Total Pearson Correlation 1 .567** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 93 93 Queendom Verbal Adjusted Pearson Correlation .567** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 93 93 Queendom Culture Fair IQ Pearson Correlation .238* .011 Sig. (2-tailed) .022 .918 N 93 93 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). Assessment of Differences between ESB and NESB groups in terms of reliability and validity By splitting the data according to its background (i.e., ESB and NESB group), the following correlations were obtained: Correlations English Queendom Culture Fair IQ english speakiing background Queendom Culture Fair IQ Pearson Correlation 1 Sig. (2-tailed) N 244 Queendom Verbal Adjusted Pearson Correlation -.341** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 244 non english speaking background Queendom Culture Fair IQ Pearson Correlation 1 Sig. (2-tailed) N 93 Queendom Verbal Adjusted Pearson Correlation .011 Sig. (2-tailed) .918 N 93 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). The observed z value will be obtained using the following formula: where: rESB= -0.341 NESB = 244 rNESB= 0.011 NNESB = 93 Transforming the correlation coefficient to their corresponding z values, zESB = -0.355 zNESB = 0.011 Using the values above, the following observed z value was obtained: Z = -2.96 To evaluate the observed z value, the obtained value must not be between -1.96 and +1.96 to conclude a statistical difference between the two correlation coefficients. From this, it can be assessed that there is a statistical difference between the 2 correlation coefficients, due to the fact that the observed z value does not fall between -1.96 and +1.96. Discussion and Conclusions Many researchers have argued that the measurement of intelligence through IQ tests is no doubt based on the culture to which the individual belongs to. In an attempt to assess the reliability and the construct validity of the PSYGAT a verbal assessment developed by Psychology students in 1998 344 Psychology students were tasked to complete three tests which comprises of two Queendom tests (verbal adjusted and culture fair test) and the PSYGAT. The results of the PSYGAT were then analysed for internal validity. Construst validity of PSYGAT was also examined by analyzing the test scores alongside the Queendom tests. The hypothesis that the PSYGAT test would show significant internal reliability and construct validity as it was analysed alongside the other two tests was supported. Significant correlations were also found in the results for Queendom Verbal Adjusted and the PSYGAT for English speaking background group. Upon computation of observed z values, it was also concluded that th ere were statistical differences between the ESB and NESB correlation coefficients. Thus, it can be further assessed that PSYGAT can be used validly for verbal intelligence assessments, although, further research is recommended for its use in culture fair factors. One limitation though of this study is the fact that participants were all university students, specifically Psychology students. Perhaps, there is a need for further research that will involve a much diverse population, considering that participants in this study can be considered as well-educated. Despite their non-English speaking background, it can also be assumed that perhaps are also well-versed in the English language. Another limitation is also the fact that the tests used the English language as the first language in the assessments. Such factor may pose limitations for specific ethnic groups whose first language is not English. It can be considered that future researches be conducted that will be more culture sensitive and be conducted using the first language of the specific ethnic group. References Bartholomew, D. J. (2004). Measuring intelligence: facts and fallacies: Cambridge University Press Govier, T. (2009). A practical study of argument (7th ed.): Cengage Learning. Haselbauer, N. (2006). The everything test your IQ book: discover your true intelligence: Everything Books. Kalat, J. W. (2010). Introduction to psychology (9th ed.): Cengage Learning. Lovler, R. L., Miller, L. A., McIntire, S. A. (2010). Foundations of psychological testing: a practical approach (3rd ed.): SAGE. Prifitera, A., Saklofske, D. H., Weiss, L. G. (2008). WISC-IV clinical assessment and intervention: practical resources for the mental health professional (2nd ed.): Elsevier. Rhodes, R. L., Ochoa, S. H. Ortiz, S. O. (2005). Assessing culturally and linguistically diverse students: a practical guide: Guilford Press. Weiten, W. (2008). Psychology: Themes and variations (8th ed.): Cengage Learning. Wilhelm, O. Engle, R. W. (2005). Handbook of understanding and measuring intelligence: SAGE. Young, E. M. (2010). Dealing with the cultural bias in intelligence testing: culture free and culture fair iq tests. Retrieved 29 April 2011 from: . Zastrow, C Kirst-Ashman, K. K. (2007). Understanding human behavior and the social environment (7th ed.): Cengage Learning.

Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism Essay examples -- Ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism are two contrasting terms that are displayed by different people all over the world. Simply put, ethnocentrism is defined as â€Å"judging other groups from the perspective of one’s own cultural point of view.† Cultural relativism, on the other hand, is defined as â€Å"the view that all beliefs are equally valid and that truth itself is relative, depending on the situation, environment, and individual.† Each of these ideas has found its way into the minds of people worldwide. The difficult part is attempting to understand why an individual portrays one or the other. It is a question that anthropologists have been asking themselves for years. Ethnocentrism, as stated above, means the belief that one’s own culture is above and beyond all other cultures. Although this is somewhat of a shallow definition, it still provides an adequate explanation of a very complex issue. We see ethnocentrism every single day, in all aspects of life. The United States of America is a prime example of ethnocentrism is action. The people of this country have a tendency to disregard other cultures, instead believing that American culture is the only way to go. This is not to say that this is how everyone thinks, although most people, at one time or another, have had thoughts along these lines. After the terrorist attack of 9/11, there was an immediate shift into almost hatred of any person of Arabic descent...

Viral Hemorrhagic Fever :: science

Viral Hemorrhagic Fever How would you like it if you died? Well that’s what’s happening to people in Africa. Their families die around them, spreading the deadly disease further into the ecosystem. Killing at will, this potent filovirus sweeps through villages with reckless abandon, destroying anything and everything in it’s way, and then just as mysteriously as it came, it disappears without a trace. Even with our modern technologies, we still don’t really know too much about this death sentence disguised as a virus. In the following, I will do my best to teach you about Ebola, its cousins, where it’s from, possible cures, effects, and so on. If we want to, we can find a cure. We control our destiny, and it’s up to us to find an anecdote to this killing machine. The Ebola virus is a highly contagious filovirus that can be transmitted by re-use of unsterilized syringes, needles, and directly transferring it by contact of bodily fluids that contain high levels, or "bricks" of virus. Aerosol transmission cannot be counted out, but water vapor containing secretions of Ebola are known to spread the infection. Seeing that Ebola can be spread in numerous ways, including being spread from animal to human, and visa-versa, monkey handlers who work with Ebola ridden monkeys have broken out with the infamous hemorragic fever. The animal-to-human spread of the virus has also killed off African tribes that eat animals with high titers of the deadly virus. Ebola is an infectious disease of many faces. It has strains, such as Mayinga, or Cardinal, which are mainly named after people, or places that they are discovered in. Strains are slightly different versions of a certain virus. Ebola’s three types that are known are: Ebola Zaire, Ebola Sudan, and Ebola Reston. Ebola Zaire was first discovered in 1976 in Zaire. It is the deadliest disease of all of the Ebola strains with a 9 out of 10 kill rate (see fig. 1-1). Ebola Sudan kills over 1/2 of the people it comes in contact with. It was discovered in 1976 also. Ebola Reston was named after Reston, Virginia, which had a shipment of cynomolgus macaques, a type of monkey, infect a whole monkey house with Ebola. Ebola Reston has never killed anyone, but it killed 80% of the monkeys that it devastated. Ebola also has a very close cousin, Marburg. Under an electron microscope, they are clearly filoviradae.

A Look at National Missile Defense :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the late 1950s, due to the former Soviet Union successfully launching a satellite into space with the help of a multi-stage missile, the United States then began to address the idea of missile defenses. Soon, both offensive and defensive long-range ballistic missile development would be placed on our government’s agenda. The objective was simple, to develop a system that could track down any missiles launched at the United States, and eliminate them before they reached their designated targets. Nike-Zeus was one of the first U.S. efforts to mount a defense against ballistic missiles. Its concept called for a 400-kiloton nuclear warhead to be detonated when in range with incoming missiles. This design had numerous flaws, and after several decades of improvements, it was updated during Lyndon B. Johnson’s presidency. By this time in 1967, the United States realized it could never stop an all-out attach by the Soviets, and therefore shifted its effor ts to protecting major cities from attack. Following the 1969 election of Richard Nixon, the missile defense focus shifted once again, this time to guarding cities with vital military stations. The United States and Soviet Union we now in full-fledged competition to see whose systems would be completed fastest, and with the most efficiency. In 1972, to help curb excessive production of long-range defense systems, the U.S. and Soviet Union signed the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. This treaty limited both powers to having only two anti-ballistic missile sites. In a 1983 televised nationwide address, President Reagan relayed his thoughts on how the U.S. could take the lead in the missile systems race. He announced the initiation of the Strategic Defense Initiative, also known as Star Wars. This initiative remained intact well into the early 1990s, when after the collapse of the Soviet Union, President George Bush called a review where he changed the focus of the SDI to defending deplo yed American forces from missile threats. When the Clinton Administration came into power in 1993, the SDI became the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization. The new organization projected that a defense system would be deployed by 2003, but due to technological defects, a foolproof system has not yet been constructed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The attitudes of competing countries towards our development of a defense system seem to follow a specific pattern of opposition. China, for instance, who has highlighted their national interests as economic development, reunification with Taiwan, and strengthening their power globally, say they would feel compelled to counter any developments the U.

Coca cola marketing strategies Essay

1.1  Marketing management Marketing is about meeting needs of target markets profitably. The key to professional marketing is to understand their customers’ real needs and meet them better than any competitor can. 1.1:DEFINITION OF MARKETING : Marketing is a social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and values with others. (Philip Kotler) Marketing is the analysis, planning, implementation, and control of carefully formulated programs designed to bring about voluntary exchanges of values with target markets for the purpose of achieving organizational objectives. It relies heavily on designing the organization’s offering in terms of the target markets’ needs and desires, and on using effective pricing, communication, and distribution to inform, motivate, and service the markets. (Philip Kotler) Definition of American Marketing Association: Marketing (Management) is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals. Marketing management has the task of influencing the level, timing, and composition of demand in a way that help the organization achieve its objectives. Marketing management is essentially demand management. Marketing managers manage demand by carrying out marketing research, planning, implementation and control. Within marketing planning, marketers must make decisions on target markets, market positioning, product development, pricing, distribution channels, physical distribution, communication, and promotion. Marketing work in the customer market is formally carried out by sales managers, salespeople, advertising and promotion manages, marketing researchers, customer service managers, product and brand managers, market and industry managers, and the marketing vice-president KEY POINTS: a) Managerial Process involving analysis, planning and control. (The view of marketing as social process is not of interest to us as managers) b) Carefully formulated programs and not just random actions. (A charity organization sending volunteers out to collect money – this is not marketing, it is selling) c) Voluntary exchange of values; no use of force or coercion. Offer benefits. (A Museum, seeking members, tries to design a set of benefits that are appealing to potential members.) d) Selection of Target Markets rather than a quixotic attempt to win every market and be all things to all men. e) Purpose of marketing is to achieve Organizational Objectives. For commercial Sector it is profit. For non-commercial sector, the objective is different and must be specified clearly. Market : A market consists of all the potential customers sharing a particular need or want who might be willing and able to engage in exchange to satisfy that need or want. Marketers: When one party is more actively seeking an exchange than the other party, we call the first party a marketer and the second party a prospect. A marketer is someone seeking one or more prospects who might engage in an exchange of values. A prospect is someone whom the marketer identifies as potentially willing and able to engage in an exchange of values. Marketers do not create needs. Marketers influence wants. Marketers influence demand by making the product appropriate, attractive, affordable, and easily available to target consumers. They also communicate their offering to prospects. Society influences wants. People living in different societies prefer different types of food items, different types of apparel and even different types of jewellery. A product is anything that can be offered to satisfy a need or want. Offering and solution are synonyms to the product in marketing context. A product or offering can consist of as many as three components: physical good(s), service(s), and idea(s). Value is the consumer’s estimate of the product’s overall capacity to satisfy his or her needs. Marketers offer value to a consumer when the satisfaction of customer’s requirements takes place at the lowest possible cost of acquisition, ownership, and use. Marketing management: Marketing management takes place when at least one party to a potential exchange thinks about the means of achieving desired responses from other parties. The Marketing Concept The marketing concept holds that the key to achieving organizational goals consists of being more effective than competitors in integrating marketing activities toward determining and satisfying the needs and wants of target markets. The marketing concept rests on four pillars: target market, customer needs, integrated marketing, and profitability. Target market No company can operate in every market and satisfy every need. Nor can it always do a good job within one broad market. Customer needs Some marketers draw a distinction between responsive marketing and creative marketing. A responsive marketer finds a stated need and fills it. A creative marketer discovers and produces solutions that customer did not ask for but to which they enthusiastically respond. Integrated Marketing When all the company’s department’s work together to serve the customer’s interests, the result is integrated marketing. Integrated marketing takes on two levels. First, the various marketing functions-sales force, advertising, product management, marketing research, and so on – must work together. Second must be well coordinated with other company departments. The company is doing proper marketing only when all employees appreciate their impact on customer satisfaction. To foster teamwork among all departments, the company carries out internal marketing as well as external marketing. External marketing is marketing directed at people outside the company. Internal marketing is the task of successfully hiring, training, and motivating employees who want to serve the customers well. In fact internal marketing must precede external marketing. It makes no sense to promise excellent service before the company’s staff is ready to provide excellent service. Profitability The ultimate purpose of the marketing concept is to help organizations achieve their goals. In the case of private firms, the major goal is profit. Marketing managers have to provide value to the customer and profits to the organization. Marketing managers have to evaluate the profitability of all alternative marketing strategies and decisions and choose most profitable decisions for long-term survival and growth of the firm. Marketing Concept of Coca cola: The basic proposition of Coke’s business is simple, solid and timeless. When Coca cola bring refreshment, value, joy and fun to their stakeholders, then they successfully nurture and protect their brands, particularly Coca-Cola that is the key to fulfilling our ultimate obligation to provide consistently attractive returns to the owners of our business. Target market Coke’s commercials basically based on young generation it is the target market of coke because they want to represent Coke with the youth and energy but they also consider about the old people they then as a co-target market. Major segments Major segments are basically those people who take this drink daily and those areas where the demand is higher than the other areas. There are so many people who take this drink daily and those people who take weekly and those who take this drink daily and those people who take weekly and those who take less often are always there as well. So, their basic segments are those people who take this drink regularly. Factor affecting sales There are so many factors, which affects the sale of coke. Here we are discussing three major factors which effects coke. Per capita income Competitors Weather Per capita income- First we will discuss about â€Å"Per capital income†. This is major factor that affects the sale of this soft drink. Because which every passing year budgets are becoming very strict and tight in order to purchase things. So the disposable incomes of the people are coming down. They spend heavily on rents, utilities, and basic necessities and after that when they get extra money they think about this soft drink. So the decreasing per capital income effects badly in selling and production of this soft drink. Competitors- Coke’s major competitor is â€Å"PEPSI† and there is no hesitation to say this because, everyone knows that and all the other cold drinks, water, coffee, tea is the competitors. Weather- Weather is the third major factor in effecting the Coke’s selling. In underdevelopment market so the coke’s consumption in summers is 60% and in winters is 40%. Major Customers Need: First of all the majority don’t care that what they are going to have. In other words, they don’t care before drinking that whether it is â€Å"Pepsi† or Coke. They don’t actually differentiate between these two brands in order to their tastes. Consumers basically drink what they get. They believe on â€Å"What Cold they sold†. Consumer’s availability in brands is basically works like Push availability Pull Consumer demand For this reason, Coca-Cola has provided their coolers & freezers in the market. They have maximum number of coolers and freezers in the market. They provide this infrastructure free of cost just to provide child coke to their consumer, which they want to be purchases. The salesman & Mechanics regularly visit all the shops where coke has its infrastructure to check that either it is in proper condition or not, if not then they immediately change or repair it. 1.2 TOPIC RELATED CONCEPTS 1.2.1FLAVOURS OF CANS AVAILABE IN INDIA The Coca-Cola company offers almost all its carbonated drinks in the form of cans for the convenience of the customers both in product satisfaction and pricing. The company is always looking to innovate and come up with , either complete new flavours or new form of cans. The following are available in cans in India. IN COLA SECTION Coca-cola, diet Coke and thumbs up are available in 330 ml priced at Rs.20 per can.Coca- Cola is the original cola, diet coke is introduced with less than 1 caloroie, and thumbs up is know for its strong fizzy taste and its cofident, mature and uniquely masculine attitude. This brand clearly seeks to separate the men from the boys. IN LEMON SECTION Lime n lemoni Limca can cast a tangy refreshing spell on anyone, any where. Limca has livd up to its promise of refreshment and has been the original thurst choice of millions of consumers for over 3 decades. Sprite, a global leader in the lemon lime category, is the second largest sparkling beverage brand in India. IN ORANGE SECTION Internationally, Fanta the ‘orange’ drink of the Coca-cola company, is seen as one of the favorite drinks since 1940’s. Fanta entered the Indian market in the year 1993. Over the years Fanta has occupied a strong market place and is identified as ‘The Fun Catalyst’. 1.2.2 AVAILABILITY OF FIT CANS Coca-Cola fit cans are available in 330ml quantity of various flavours such as Coke, Diet Coke, Thumbs up, Sprite, Limca priced at Rs.20 per can. Cans are mostly available in super markets, hypermarkets as customers prefer them to grab them while shopping or take away home. Chapter 2 METHODOLOGY OF STUDY 2.1 NEED OF THE STUDY To know the various strategies adopted by the company. To know the performance and effect of the schemes on retailers perception. This will help the company to give the new schemes in the peak seasons like in summer to increase sale of glass bottles and juice mobile bottles. 2.2OBJECTIVES OF STUDY The main objective of this Fit Cans project is to study the sale of cans in the market. To advertise the various products of the company. To find out the present sales status of Fit Cans i.e. Thumsup, Coke, Diet Coke, Sprite, Limca, Fanta, at the retail outlets in the area. To collect data from retailers for the analysis and to know the opportunities where there can be more sale. To ensure the availability and visibility of the product. 2.3SCOPE OF THE STUDY By this study company can know its sales. This study helps the company to know the actual sales and position of cans in the market. This study helps the company to modify its distribution strategy of the fit cans. The study helps to find out the problems faced by retailers & distributors. 2.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This project is helpful to find out the sale trends of the coke products and its effect on consumer value and satisfaction. This study provides an insight to the company that what kind of strategy must be adopted in order to increase the sales and satisfaction o the consumer. This project directly deals with the interaction of different kind of retailers. 2.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research includes the study which was descriptive in nature. It basically aims about how Coca-Cola fit cans are doing in the market. The study includes two methods- (a)PRIMARY (b)SECONDARY Primary includes the following ways- †¢Observation †¢Survey The data was collected through a structured questionnaire. 2.5 Sampling plan Sampling unit: Owners of the retail outlets. Sampling size: 76 OUTLETS Population : 100 OUTLETS Sampling procedure: Simple Random sampling Chapter 3 INDUSTRY PROFILE AND ORGANISATION POFILE 3.1 BEVERAGE ITS CONCEPTUAL ANALYSES Definition of Beverage A drink, or beverage, is a liquid specifically prepared for human consumption. In addition to basic needs, beverages form part of the culture of human society. Types of Beverage Water Despite the fact that most beverages, including juice, soft drinks, and carbonated drinks, have some form of water in them; water itself is often not classified as a beverage, and the word beverage has been recurrently defined as not referring to water. Essential to the survival of all organisms, water has historically been an important and life-sustaining drink to humans. Excluding fat, water composes approximately 70% of the human body by mass. It is a crucial component of metabolic processes and serves as a solvent for many bodily solutes. Health authorities have historically suggested at least eight glasses, eight fluid ounces each, of water per day (64 fluid ounces, or 1.89 liters), and the British Dietetic Association recommends 1.8 litters. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has determined that the average adult actually ingests 2.0 liters per day. Alcoholic Beverages An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol, although in chemistry the definition of an alcohol includes many other compounds. Alcoholic beverages, such as wine, beer, and liquor have been part of human culture and development for 8,000 years. Non-alcohol Beverages Non-alcoholic beverages are drinks that would normally contain alcohol, such as beer and wine but are made with less than .5 percent alcohol by volume. The category includes drinks that have undergone an alcohol removal process such as non-alcoholic beers and de-alcoholized wines. Non-alcoholic Variants: a. Low alcohol beer b. Non-alcoholic wine c. Sparkling cider Soft Drinks The name â€Å"soft drink† specifies a lack of alcohol by way of contrast to the term â€Å"hard drink† and the term â€Å"drink†, the latter of which is nominally neutral but often carries connotations of alcoholic content. Beverages like colas, sparkling water, iced tea, lemonade, squash, and fruit punch are among the most common types of soft drinks, while hot chocolate, hot tea, coffee, milk, tap water, alcohol, and milkshakes do not fall into this classification. Many carbonated soft drinks are optionally available in versions sweetened with sugars or with non-caloric sweeteners. Hot Beverages Hot beverages, including infusions. Sometimes drunk chilled. Coffee-based Beverages Cappuccino Coffee Espresso Cafà © au lait Frappà © Flavored coffees (mocha etc.) Latte Hot Chocolate Hot Cider Mulled cider Tea-based Beverages Flavored teas (chai etc.) Green tea Pearl milk tea Tea Herbal Teas Roasted Grain Beverages Other: Some substances may either be called food or drink, or accordingly be eaten with a spoon or drunk, depending on solid ingredients in it and on how thick it is, and on preference: Soup Yogurt (Greenhalgh, Alison) 3.2 INDUSTRY PROFILE Industry Overview The soda drink and bottled water industry in the US includes about 3,000 companies that manufacture and distribute beverages, with combined annual US revenue of $70 billion. Coca-Cola and PepsiCo hold more than 50 percent of the market, following strong consolidation in the past decade. Only a few other companies have annual revenue above $500 million. Most are local or regional manufacturing and bottling operations with annual revenue under $100 million. Competitive Landscape Demand for non-alcoholic beverages is driven by consumer tastes and demographics. The profitability of individual companies depends on effective marketing. Large manufacturers have economies of scale in production and distribution, with average annual revenue per production worker close to $1 million. Small companies can compete by producing new products, catering to local tastes, or selling at lower prices. Products, Operations & Technology Nonalcoholic beverages include sodas (carbonated soft drinks, or CSD), bottled waters, juices, and a large variety of mixtures. Sodas account for about 60 percent of the market. The manufacture and distribution of most  national soda brands, including Coke and Pepsi, is a two-tiered process. The primary manufacturer produces flavored syrup called concentrate that is sold to local bottlers who manufacture and distribute the finished product. In a typical bottling operation, the flavored syrup, corn syrup (sugar), and filtered water are mixed in appropriate proportions, carbon dioxide gas is injected, and the finished soda product is poured into bottles or cans, which are capped, labeled, and packaged.(Beverage Manufacture and Bottling:2008). HISTORY Soft drinks can trace their history back to the mineral water found in natural springs. Bathing in natural springs has long been considered a healthy thing to do; and mineral water was said to have curative powers. Scientists soon discovered that gas carbonium or carbon dioxide was behind the bubbles in natural mineral water. The first marketed soft drinks (non-carbonated) appeared in the 17th century. They were made from water and lemon juice sweetened with honey. In 1676, the Companied Lemonades of Paris were granted a monopoly for the sale of lemonade soft drinks. Vendors would carry tanks of lemonade on their backs and dispensed cups of the soft drink to thirsty Parisians. PACKING INNOVATIONS: By the mid-1800s, soft drinks sold in Canada were packaged in 8-ounce (227.2 ml) round-bottom bottles for about 25 cents a dozen, except ginger beer, which was sold in draught form from wooden kegs. Wired cork closures were used until about 1884 with Codd’s Patented Globe Stoppers (25 types in all). Such closures were replaced by the Hutcheson Spring Stopper. The crown cap was introduced around 1905 and improved versions are still widely used, although they are gradually being replaced, especially on larger containers, with reclosable screw caps. Other packaging innovations since the mid-1960s include canned carbonated beverages, nonreturnable glass bottles and containers made from rigid plastics. However, an effort is being made, often through provincial legislation, to increase the use of returnable glass containers. The Soft Drink Bottling Industry Over 1,500 U.S. patents were filed for a cork, cap, or lid for the carbonated drink bottle tops during the early days of the bottling industry. Carbonated drink bottles are under a lot of pressure from the gas. Inventors were trying to find the best way to prevent the carbon dioxide or bubbles from escaping. In 1892, the â€Å"Crown Cork Bottle Seal† was patented by William Painter, a Baltimore machine shop operator. It was the first very successful method of keeping the bubbles in the bottle. Automatic Production of Glass Bottles In 1899, the first patent was issued for a glass-blowing machine for the automatic production of glass bottles. Earlier glass bottles had all been hand-blown. Four years later, the new bottle-blowing machine was in operation. It was first operated by the inventor, Michael Owens, an employee of Libby Glass Company. Within a few years, glass bottle production increased from 1,500 bottles a day to 57,000 bottles a day. Home-Packs and Vending Machines During the 1920s, the first â€Å"Home-Packs† were invented. â€Å"Home-Packs† are the familiar six-pack beverage carrying cartons made from cardboard. Automatic vending machines also began to appear in the 1920s. The soft drink had become an American mainstay. (Inventors: 2003). Milestones of Industry: In the industry’s early years the number of carbonated-beverage plants increased steadily, most serving small regional markets. In 1929 the industry was made up of 345 production plants and the value of shipments reached $12.3 million. By 1960 the number of plants had increased to 502 and the value of sales to $172.7 million. Subsequently, consolidation began, prompted by improved production, packaging and distribution facilities. By 1973, 337 plants were in production and the value of shipments was $484 million. In 1985, with sales of about $1.8 billion, the industry had 187 plants in production. Production volume has also increased dramatically: in 1939, soft-drink bottlers produced about 162 million litres of carbonated beverages; by 1967, production passed 758 million litres; in 1986, shipments were estimated at over 2.1 billion litres; and in 1998 that figure rose to 3.5 billion litres. A Timeline of soft drink invention: 1798 The term â€Å"soda water† first coined. 1810 First U.S. patent issued for the manufacture of imitation mineral waters. 1819 The â€Å"soda fountain† patented by Samuel Fahnestock. 1835 The first bottled soda water in the U.S. 1850 a manual hand & foot operated filling& corking device, first used for bottling soda water. 1851 Ginger ale created in Ireland. 1861 The term â€Å"pop† first coined. 1874 The first ice-cream soda sold. 1876 Root beer mass produced for public sale. 1881 The first cola-flavored beverage introduced. 1885 Charles Aderton invented â€Å"Dr Pepper† in Waco, Texas. 1886 Dr. John S. Pemberton invented â€Å"Coca-Cola† in Atlanta, Georgia. 1892 William Painter invented the crown bottle cap. 1898 â€Å"Pepsi-Cola† is invented by Caleb Bradham. 1899 The first patent issued for a glass blowing machine, used to produce glass bottles. 1913 Gas motored trucks replaced horse drawn carriages as delivery vehicles. 1919 The American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages formed. 1920 The U.S. Census reported that more than 5,000 bottlers now exist. Early 1920’s The first automatic vending machines dispensed sodas into cups. 1923 Six-pack soft drink cartons called â€Å"Hom-Paks† created. 1929 The Howdy Company debuted its new drink â€Å"Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Sodas† later called â€Å"7 up†. Invented by Charles Leiper Grigg. 1934 Applied color labels first used on soft drink bottles, the coloring was baked on the face of the bottle. 1952 The first diet soft drink sold called the â€Å"No-Cal Beverage† a gingerale sold by Kirsch. 1957 The first aluminum cans used. 1959 The first diet cola sold. 1962 The pull-ring tab first marketed by the Pittsburgh Brewing Company of Pittsburgh, PA. The pull-ring tab was invented by Alcoa. 1963 The Schlitz Brewing company introduced the â€Å"Pop Top† beer can to the nation in March, invented by Ermal Fraze of Kettering, Ohio. 1965 Soft drinks in cans dispensed from vending machines. 1965 The resealable top invented. 1966 The American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages renamed The National Soft Drink Association. 1970 Plastic bottles are used for soft drinks. 1973 The PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) bottle created 1974 The stay-on tab invented. Introduced by the Falls City Brewing Company of Louisville, KY. 1979 Mello Yello soft drink is introduced by the Coca Cola Company as competition against Mountain Dew. 1981 The â€Å"talking† vending machine invented. (Mary Bellis: 2005) BEVERAGE INDUSTRY IN INDIA: A BRIEF INSIGHT In India, beverages form an important part of the lives of people. It is an industry, in which the players constantly innovate, in order to come up with better products to gain more consumers and satisfy the existing consumers. BEVERAGE INDUSTRY IN INDIA The beverage industry is vast and there various ways of segmenting it, so as to cater the right product to the right person. The different ways of segmenting it are as follows: Alcoholic, non-alcoholic and sports beverages Natural and Synthetic beverages In-home consumption and out of home on premises consumption. Age wise segmentation i.e. beverages for kids, for adults and for senior citizens Segmentation based on the amount of consumption i.e. high levels of consumption and low levels of consumption. If the behavioral patterns of consumers in India are closely noticed, it could be observed that consumers perceive beverages in two different ways i.e. beverages are a luxury and that beverages have to be consumed occasionally. These two perceptions are the biggest challenges faced by the beverage industry. In order to leverage the beverage industry, it is important to address this issue so as to encourage regular consumption as well as and to make the industry more affordable. Four strong strategic elements to increase consumption of the products of the beverage industry in India are: The quality and the consistency of beverages needs to be enhanced so that consumers are satisfied and they enjoy consuming beverages. The credibility and trust  needs to be built so that there is a very strong and safe feeling that the consumers have while consuming the beverages. Consumer education is a must to bring out benefits of beverage consumption whether in terms of health, taste, relaxation, stimulation, refreshment, well-being or prestige relevant to the category. Communication should be relevant and trendy so that consumers are able to find an appeal to go out, purchase and consume. The beverage market has still to achieve greater penetration and also a wider spread of distribution. It is important to look at the entire beverage market, as a big opportunity, for brand and sales growth in turn to add up to the overall growth of the food and beverage industry in the econom Market Structure Product Variation Company Share (%) Cola Drinks: Thumbs Up 29 Coca Cola 25 Pepsi 18 Non Cola Drinks: Fanta 9 Mirinda 8 Limca 9 Overall Colas 62 Lemon: Cloudy 7 Clear 3 Orange 17 Mango 3 Soda 8 Indian Product Range Flavour Ingredients Pack Product Company Cola Cola Flavour carbonated water sugar 200Ml. 300Ml. 500Ml. 1 Litre 1.5 Litre 2 Litre Coke, Thumsup RC Pepsi Coca-Coal RC cola Pepsi Orange Orange Flavour + Carbonated Water+ Sugar 200Ml. 300Ml. 500Ml. 1 Litre 1.5 Litre 2 Litre Fanta Mirinda Coca-Cola Pepsi Fruit Juice Mango Pulp+ Treated water+ sugar 250 ML Maaza Minute Maid Pullpy Orange Slice Tropicana Appy Fizz Real Coca-Cola Pepsi Appy Fizz Dabur Cloudy Lemon Lemon Flavour + Carbonated Water+ Sugar 3 200Ml. 300Ml. 500Ml. 1 Litre 1.5 Litre 2 Litre Limca LMN Mirinda Lemon Nimbooz Coca-Cola Parle agro Pepsi Clear Lemon Lemon Flavour+ Carbonated Water + Sugar 200Ml. 300Ml. 500Ml. 1 Litre 1.5 Litre 2 Litre Sprite 7’Up Dew Coca-Cola Pepsi HISTORY OF CARBONATED BEVERAGES IN INDIA: India with population of more than 100 crores is potentially one of the largest consumer markets in the world after China. The consumer market can be defined as the market for products and services that are purchased by individuals as households goods for their personal consumption. Soft drink  is a typical consumer product purchased by individuals to quench thirst and secondly for refreshment. Searching for the point of Indian soft drinks we first document on Gold Spot, this was the first brand soft drink in India. It was introduced by PARLE during later part of 40’s. Cola giant, Coca-Cola was the first foreign soft drink to be introduced in India in 1965, Coca-Cola make a very good beginning and dominated the whole scheme right from the word go. It (Coca-Cola) faced no competition at that time. COCA COLA entered India in the year 1993 in collaboration with PARLE INDIA LTD. Three of four groups of Indians companies who had the required production capacity started their own brands of Cola, Lemon, Orange, but failed to achieve their goal on a national basis. India always has love and hate relationship with MNC’s which gave a significant opportunities to soft drink industries in India when Coca-Cola decided to windup its operation in 1977 rather than bowing to the Indian government insisting on:- Dilution of equity, as the government felt that lots of foreign currency was being wasted. Manufacturing of the top-secret concentration in India. Disclose of the chemical composition of the essence. This left a large vacuum in the popular soft drink market, and a vista was opened to any company with the requisite, technical, marketing and organizational skills. The exit of Coca-Cola from India in 1977 accelerated the growth of several Indian Soft Drink. New soft drink in the form of Tetra pack entered the market among Frooti, Jump-In and Treetop were the prominent once. Till 1977 their equipped bottling plants and the distribution network a longing to be of no use. It took them one year to develop new formula to survive and gradually came up with Campa, Lemon, Orange and Cola that order. CONSUMPTION PATTERNS AND POTENTIAL OF MARKET: The majority of urban and suburban Indians consume non-alcoholic store bought beverages â€Å"less than once a day† suggesting a large untapped market potential. In order to increase consumption and penetration of such beverages however, manufacturers will have to address the two primary reasons why some Indians abstain entirely, that is, health concerns and undesirable taste – as highlighted in Boston Analytics’ survey of 8300 people across 15 cities. Approximately 120 billion liters of beverages are consumed by Indians every year, but only 5% represent store-bought packaged beverages. The majority of Indian consumers (75%) still consume non-alcoholic store-bought beverages ‘less than once a day’, highlighting a large untapped market opportunity, particularly in the carbonated drinks and juice or juice-based markets (estimated to be worth $1.5 Billion and $.25 billion respectively). While consumption frequency decreases with age, it is found to increase with income levels, except in the top-most economic strata of society. Health concerns remain the primary reason for not consuming non-alcoholic store-bought beverages at all. Yet of the 40+ brands covered in Boston Analytics’ study, none held a definitive position in this regard either positively or negatively. Boston Analytics’ study also revealed that 29% of those who consume non-alcoholic store bought beverage beverages do so at a fixed time during the day, suggesting that carbonated beverages have become a part of life for a significant portion of the Indian consumer market. Product taste is the primary driver of brand choice for carbonated, juice-based and sports/energy drinks. While consumptions patterns are somewhat similar across different tiered cities, reasons for not consuming non-alcoholic store bought beverages vary considerably. This study has implications for both the marketing and product development of carbonated, juice based and sports/energy drinks. Significant opportunities exist for manufacturers to expand these markets through both greater consumption and greater penetration. There are numerous initiatives which manufacturers, distributors and marketers can take in order to increase their market share in these product categories. For example: o Non-alcoholic beverage brands do not appear to be positioning themselves or differentiating themselves along the brand attributes that matter most to consumers in terms of product/brand selection and reasons for consuming and/or not consuming As with most product categories in India, consumption behavior and preferences differ dramatically across cities in India. While  Tier 1 cities (or the largest metros in India) report the highest consumption, significant differences exist among these cities, e.g., in terms of the time of day store-bought non-alcoholic beverages are consumed, preferred brands for carbonated beverages, reasons for consuming a particular product type, etc.). Such differences demonstrate the need for carefully targeted marketing campaigns that appeal to the needs, behaviors and preferences of local communities. TRENDS: Top Carbonated Beverages Industry Trends Consolidation: With overall growth of the beverage market slow, national companies have grown through overseas sales and acquisitions. Coca-Cola now owns 20 major beverage brands, PepsiCo 15. Cott, the largest private-label soda maker, has grown in recent years through the acquisition of local bottlers. Brand Management To distinguish their products from the large number of available competitors, manufacturers have relied heavily on using familiar brand names for new products. For example, Coca-Cola now comes in several different versions that are sugar- or caffeine-free or both, but all under the Coca-Cola label. Gatorade and Tropicana orange juice are now available in many different versions. PepsiCo has agreements with Starbucks and Lipton to use their brand names on new beverages. Private-Labels Amid the perception by consumers that colas don’t taste different, private-label sodas continue to be popular with budget-minded consumers and local supermarkets. Even though they’re priced lower than national brands, private-label sodas have higher margins for grocers because they’re cheaper to produce and don’t have heavy marketing costs. Cott has a large share of the private-label market, mainly because it supplies Wal-Mart, the nation’s biggest retailer. Economies of Scale Coca-Cola bottlers in North America have started an independent company expected to save money by giving them greater leverage in negotiations for contracts with suppliers and giant retailers. Projections indicate it could save about $100 million over the next few years through centralized bulk purchases of various goods from aluminum cans to vending machines. The company will also deal with major customers, such as Safeway, which now deals with several different bottlers. Packaging To increase convenience and consumption, beverage manufacturers are constantly experimenting with new product packaging. Coca-Cola introduced new packaging that conveniently fits 12 cans or bottles on a refrigerator shelf. The Fridge Pack was first used by a regional bottler, which saw sales of 12-packs increase 25 percent with the new packaging. In addition to Coke, the bottler has also applied the concept to Dasani water bottles. 3.3 Coca-Cola industry profile: COMPANY PROFILE: Coca-Cola, the product that has given the world its best-known taste was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on May 8, 1886. Coca-Cola Company is the world’s leading manufacturer, marketer and distributor of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, used to produce nearly 400 beverage brands. It sells beverage concentrates and syrups to bottling and canning operators, distributors, fountain retailers and fountain wholesalers. The Company’s beverage products comprises of bottled and canned soft drinks as well as concentrates, syrups and not-ready-to-drink powder products. In addition to this, it also produces and markets sports drinks, tea and coffee. The Coca- Cola Company began building its global network in the 1920s. Now operating in more than 200 countries and producing nearly 400 brands, the Coca-Cola system has successfully applied a simple formula on a global scale: â€Å"Provide a moment of refreshment for a small amount of money- a billion times a day.† The Coca-Cola Company and its network of bottlers comprise the most sophisticated and pervasive production and distribution system in the world. More than anything, that system is dedicated to people working long and hard to sell the products manufactured by the Company. This unique worldwide system has made The Coca-Cola Company the world’s premier soft-drink enterprise. From Boston to Beijing, from Montreal to Moscow, Coca-Cola, more than any other consumer product, has brought pleasure to thirsty consumers around the globe. For more than 115 years, Coca-Cola has created a special moment of pleasure for hundreds of millions of people every day. (Source: www.Coca-Colaindia.com) OBJECTIVE OF COMPANY: The Company aims at increasing shareowner value over time. It accomplishes this by working with its business partners to deliver satisfaction and value to consumers through a worldwide system of superior brands and services, thus increasing brand equity on a global basis. They aim at managing their business well with people who are strongly committed to the Company values and culture and providing an appropriately controlled environment, to meet business goals and objectives.(Source: www.Coca-Colaindia.com) COCA-COLA PERFORMANCE IN INDIA Net operating revenues for the 4th quarter 2009 were 7,5 billion USD. Strong volume growth was achieved in key emerging markets, with 29% in China, 20% in India, and 8% in Brazil. Coca-Cola could achieve good volume growth even in developed markets, namely in France with 12% and in Germany with 3%. PRODUCTS OF COCA COLA: 1. Coca Cola 2. Thums up 3. Limca 4. Fanta 5. Sprite 6. Mazaa Competitors 1. Pepsi 2. Mirinda 3. Mountain due 4. Appy fizz 5. Tropicana Competion from substitutes 1. Fruit juices of unorganised market 2. Coconut 3. Mineral water TIME LINE TOF COCA COLA ORIGIN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Year 1894: A modest start for a bold idea In a candy store in Vicksburg, Mississippi, brisk sales of the new fountain beverage called Coca-Cola impressed the store’s owner, Joseph A. Biedenharn. He began bottling Coca-Cola to sell, using a common glass bottle called a Hutchinson. Biedenharn sent a case to Asa Griggs Candler, who owned the Company. Candler thanked him but took no action. One of his nephews already had urged that Coca-Cola be bottled, but Candler focused on fountain sales. Year 1899: The first bottling agreement Two young attorneys from Chattanooga, Tennessee believed they could build a business around bottling Coca-Cola. In a meeting with Candler, Benjamin F. Thomas and Joseph B. Whitehead obtained exclusive rights to bottle Coca-Cola across most of the United States for a sum of one dollar. A third Chattanooga lawyer, John T. Lupton, soon joined their venture. Years 1900-1909: Rapid growth The three pioneer bottlers divided the country into territories and sold bottling rights to local entrepreneurs. Their efforts were boosted by major progress in bottling technology, which improved efficiency and product quality. By 1909, nearly 400 Coca-Cola bottling plants were operating, most of them family-owned businesses. Some were open only during hot-weather months when demand was high. In the 1920s and 1930s: International expansion Led by Robert W. Woodruff, chief executive officer and chairman of the Board, the Company began a major push to establish bottling operations outside the U.S. Plants were opened in France, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Belgium, Italy and South Africa. By the time World War II began, Coca-Cola was being bottled in 44 countries. In the 1940s: Post-war growth During the war, 64 bottling plants were set up around the world to supply the troops. This followed an urgent request for bottling equipment and materials from General Eisenhower’s base in North Africa. Many of these war-time plants were later converted to civilian use, permanently enlarging the bottling system and accelerating the growth of the Company’s worldwide business. In the 1950s: Packaging innovations For the first time, consumers had choices of Coca-Cola package size and type-the traditional 6.5 ounce Contour Bottle, or larger servings including 10, 12 and 26 ounce versions. Cans were also introduced, becoming generally available in 1960. In the 1960s: Introduction of new brands Sprite, Fanta, Fresca and TAB joined brand Coca-Cola in the 1960s. Mr. Pibb and Mello Yello were added in the 1970s. The 1980s brought diet Coke and Cherry Coke, followed by PowerAde and Fruitopia in the 1990s. Today scores of other brands are offered to meet consumer preferences in local markets around the world. In the 1970s and 1980s: Consolidation to serve customers Advancement in technology led to global economy, retail customers of The Coca-Cola Company merged and evolved into international mega chains. Such customers required a new approach. In response, many small and medium-size bottlers consolidated to better serve giant international customers. The Company encouraged and invested in a number of bottler consolidations to assure that its largest bottling partners would have capacity to lead the system in working with global retailers. In the 1990s: New and growing markets Political and economic changes opened vast markets that were closed or underdeveloped for decades. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Company invested heavily to build plants in Eastern Europe. As the century closed, more than $1.5 billion was committed to new bottling facilities in Africa. 21st Century: Coca-Cola today The Coca-Cola bottling system grew up with roots deeply planted in local communities. This heritage serves the Company well today as consumers seek brands that honor local identity and the distinctiveness of local markets. As was true a century ago, strong locally based relationships between Coca-Cola bottlers, customers and communities are the foundation on which the entire business grows. COCA-COLA: VISION VISION FOR SUSTAINABLE GROWTH PROFIT: Maximizing return to shareowners while being mindful of our overall responsibilities. PEOPLE: Being a great place to work where people are  inspired to be the best they can be. PORTFOLIO: Bringing to the world a portfolio of beverage brands that anticipate and satisfy peoples’ Desires and needs. PARTNERS: Nurturing a winning network of partners and building mutual loyalty. PLANET: Being a responsible global citizen that makes a difference. COCA-COLA: MISSION Create consumer products services and communications customers service and bottling system strategy process and tools in order to create competitive advantage and deliver superior value to- Consumers as a superior beverage experience. Consumers as an opportunity to grow profit through the use of finished drinks. Bottlers as an opportunity to make reasonable to grow profits and value added Suppliers as an opportunity to make reasonable when creating real value added in environment of system wide teamwork, flexible business system and continuous improvement. Indian society in form of contribution to economic and social development. RED CONCEPT: RED stands for Right Execution Daily. It is a survey method for the company to know their position in the market. ABOUT RED: To check the availability of the visi cooler provided by the company to the retail outlets for their products. To check the activation in various outlets. To check the branding order of the various products in the cooler. Survey has done in the four topics- Impurity Brand Order Availability Activation IMPURITY: There should be no impurity in the visi cooler of the company. Impurity here refers to that brand which is presented in the visi cooler other than coke’s product. Therefore no other product of any other company should be in the cooler. BRAND ORDER: The company has given a brand order to the market developers to arrange the different brands in a specific order in the cooler. The order should be in such a way- Thumsup Coca cola Sprite Limca Fanta Maaza Kinley Pet & Juice AVAILABILTY: Availability is done according the type of outlet. There are four type of outlet mentioned below. According to this market developer has to ensure the availability of the products in the particular outlet. ACTIVATION: Activation is important because it helps to boost the sales of the company. It is done through the Glow sign, Shelf display, flanges. Combo boards, Table tops .This boards usually gives to the E&D outlets .It helps to attract the customers. Rack with header is provided to the grocery stores. Market developer must ensure that all these activation elements must available at all the outlets. VARIOUS ACTIVATION ELEMENTS: 1. WARM DISPLAY RACK 2. SHELF DISPLAY SHELF DISPLAY DISPLAY OF RACK VISI COOLER OPTIONAL ELEMENTS:- 1. STANDEE 2. SIX MOBILE HANGER 3. VISI COOLER BRAND STRIP 4. WARM DISPLAY RACK 5. TABLE TOP RACK TYPES OF OUTLETS: The company has divided their outlets on the basis of the following criteria- Volume Channel Income group VOLUME There are four types of outlets according to the volume of sales of the outlet- Platinum – 1500 & above per year Diamond – 800-1500C/s & above per year Gold – 500-799C/s per year Silver – 200-499C/s per year Bronze – above 7C/s 9C/s 20C/s 30C/s CONCEPT OF RED: Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pvt.Ltd. India division Under Eurasia Operating Group has been working on RED i.e. Right Execution Daily Since JAN 2006.Coca-Cola company believes that its success depends on their ability to connect with consumer by providing them with a wide variety of choices to meet their desires, needs and lifestyles choices, company success further depends on the ability of their people by execute effectively every day. MEASURING THE PERFORMANCE OF RED: To measure the impact of Right Execution Daily (RED) a survey (RED AUDIT) is done by third party (a consultant) every month. Third party conducts a survey by visiting all the RED activated outlets and benchmarks it on the prescribed Merchandising standards of RED. A monthly report is send to Hindustan Coca- Cola Beverages Private Limited. The report is called as To create the Red Report third party asks a set of question from the retailers which are as follows: Related to Visicooler: Is Cooler in the Hot Spot Location? Does it have all the products of Coca-Cola available? Is the display of the Coca-Cola display of the products in a standard such as sprite, Thums up, Maaza, Fanta and Limca†,) Is cooler working properly? Is the cooler pure? Related to Price Communication: Is there proper price display of the products? Related to product availability: All the brands should be present in the every distribution channel but main concern is that 300 ml should be present in the every channel and 600 ml and 1.5 liters per bottles should be present in the Eating and. drinking, convenience and Grocery shop. .PRE SALE CONCEPT This is a new concept by the company. In this concept company takes order one day before and then delivers the product to each route. So this gives more time to market developer to assure RED. This concept has so many advantages- This gives more time to the market developer for the activation & branding purpose. By this company can easily implement the RED concept in better way. Presale concept makes assure of more availability of the products in the market. This concept is easy in processing. By this concept market developer can arrange the product in better way. The Company can display its products in proper way so that customers can attract towards it. Chapter 4 Analysis of data 4.1 MARKET SHARE OF CANS Q.1 Which cans are more demanded by customers? Table no. 4.1 Type of can Respondents Percentage Coca-Cola 70 70 Pepsi Slim can 30 30 Total 100 100 Chart no.4.1 INTERPRETATION: From the above table It can be said that Coca-Coca fit cans has 70% market share where as Pepsi slim cans has only 30% market share. 4.2 ORDER PLACING Q.2 How many cases of cans do you order Table no. 4.2 No. Of cases Respondents Percentage 0.5-1 70 70 1-2 15 15 2-5 10 10 5& above 5 5 Total 100 100 Chart no. 4.2 INTERPRETATION: From the above table it can be said that 70% of retailers are placing order of 0.5-1 case, 15 % are placing 1-2 cases, 10% are placing 2-5 cases and 5 % are placing 5 and above cases of order. 4.3 EFFECT OF CHANGE IN PRICE AND QUANTITY ON CANS Q.3 Does the change in price and quantity of fit cans increase sales? Table no. 4.3 Opinion Respondents Percentage Yes 80 80 No 15 15 Cant say 5 5 Total 100 100 Chart no.4.3 INTERPRATATION: From the above chart we can say that 80% of retailers said that change in price and quantity have effect on sales of cans, 15% of them did not agree and 5 % of them said they cannot say. 4.4 MARKET DEMAND FOR VARIOUS FLAVOURS OF CANS Q.no.4 Which flavor of cans are more sold Table no.4.4 Flavour Respondents Percentage Coca-Cola 12 12 Diet Coke 20 20 Thumbs up 45 45 Sprite 8 8 Limca 8 8 Fanta 5 5 Total 100 10 Chart no. 4.4 INTERPRETATION: From the above chart we can say that thumbs up has 45% market share, diet coke has 20%, coke has 12% , fanta has 8%, and both sprite and limca has 8% respectively. 4.5 CHANNEL WISE AVAILABILITY Q.no.5 Channel wise availability of cans? Table no. 4.5 Type of channel Respondents Percentage Convenince 10 10 E&D-2 15 15 Grocery-1 65 65 Travel 10 10 Total 100 100 Chart no.4.5 INTERPRETATION: From the above chart we can say that 65% fit cans are available in Grocery-1, 15% in E&D-2, 10% in convenience, 10% in travel. 4.6 VPO WISE AVAILABILITY Q.no.6 VPO availability of cans?. Table no.4.6 Volume per outlet Respondents Percentage Platinum 45 45 Diamond 30 30 Gold 15 15 Silver 8 8 Bronze 2 2 Total 100 100 Chart no.4.6 INTERPRATATION: From the above chart we can say that 45% of cans are available in Platinum outlets, 30% in Diamond outlets, 15% in Gold outlets, 8% in Silver outlets and 2% in Bronze outlets. 4.7 NON RED OUTLETS AVAILABILITY Q no. 7 Availability of cans in non red outlets Table no. 4.7 Non red outlets Respondents Percentage Own cooler 20 20 Shared with Competitor 80 80 Total 100 100 Chart no. 4.7 INTERPRATATION: From the above chart we can say that in non red outlets 80% of them are shared with competitor, and 20% of them have own cooler. 4.8 FLOOR STOCK AT THE OUTLET Q no.8 No. of cases of floor stock maintained at the outlet Table no.4.8 Chart no. 4.8 INTERPRETATION: From the above chart we can say that 75% of retailers are maintaing 0.5-1 case of floor stock, 10% are maintaining 1-5cases of floor stock, and 15% are not maintaining any floor stock. Chapter 5 FINDINGS SUGGESTIONS& CONCLUSION 5.1FINDINGS: Coca-Cola had a very high customer awareness and demand. Retailers are very much satisfied with market developers behavior. Retailers are not allowing market developers to keep visi-coolers pure There are some loyal customer who prefer selling only Coca-Cola. 5.2 SUGGESTIONS: More promotional offers have to be introduced. Coca-Cola Fit cans should be promoted more in order to increase the sales. New schemes should be introduced for retailers in order to promote Fit cans. Market developers should be given some amount which can be used to provide credit facility to some retailers. Coolers should be provided in petrol bunks so that it will generate impulse purchase as traffic will be more in petrol bunks like siripuram h.p. The Company employees should make direct contact with the consumers, so that they may aware with  real situation of the market and consumers attitude towards the product. For this they can arrange awareness camps in different locations like recently they gave free  cokes in beach road Floor stock must be maintained so that consumers can enjoy continous supply. 5.3 CONCLUSION: This project is playing a very important role for the company. With the help of this project, company can know its opportunities in the market. Because in this project the survey is done by interacting with different kinds of people by which the attitude towards the product can be known. All the activation elements like maintainance of floor stock, rack display, standees etc must be available at all outlets . All these elements help the company in increasing the sales. Definitely when sales increase then profits also increases. With the help of this project company has increased its sale and also company can measure or check the performance of each retailers working with COCA COLA COMPANY. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS: A. Philip Kotler (2009), â€Å"Marketing Management† Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, Eleventh Edition. B. Bellur and Berkman (1987), â€Å"Readings in Marketing Management† Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi, First Edition. C. Samars and Barmer Stanton â€Å"Fundamentals of Marketing† Mc Graw Hill Company, Ryerson, Eight Edition. D. Gupta and Rajan Nair (2002), â€Å"Marketing Management† Sultan Chand & Sons, New Delhi, Seventh EditionPhilip Kotler (2009), â€Å"Marketing Management† Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, Eleventh Edition. E. Bellur and Berkman (1987), â€Å"Readings in Marketing Management† Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi, First Edition. F. Samars and Barmer Stanton â€Å"Fundamentals of Marketing† Mc Graw Hill Company, Ryerson, Eight Edition. WEBSITES http://www.articlesbase.com/customer-service-articles/importance-of-customer-satisfaction-3242170.html http://www.coca-cola.com http://www.chemuturi.com/Measuring%20Customer%20Satisfaction-CMK.pdf http://www.google.com http://www.ko.com http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com http://www.wikipedia.org ANNEXURE QUESTIONNAIRE ON COCA-COLA FIT CANS 1.Which cans are more demanded by customers? a)Coca-cola fit can b)Pepsi slim can 2.How many cases of cans do you order? a)0.5-1 case b)1-2 case c)2-5 case d)5&above 3.Does the change in price and quantity of fit can increase sales? a)Yes b)No 4.Which flavour of cans are more sold? a)Coca-cola b)Thumps up c)Fanta d)Sprite e)Diet coke f)Limca 5.Channel wise availaibility? a)cConvenience b)E&D c)Grocery d)Travel-1 6.Volume per outlet wise availability? a)Platinum b)Diamond c)Gold d)Silver e)Bronze 7.Non RED outlet availability? a)Own cooler b)Competitor but shared 8.Floor stocks at the outlet? a)1case b)1-5case c)Nil

Investigatory Project in Physics

Investigatory Project in Physics Submitted by : Jay Loteyro Anecito Trongcoso Submitted to: Ms. Matilde Macawile Balloon Powered Car When it comes to powering a race car, there are a ton of different options. Some cars are powered by gasoline, diesel, or other combustible fuels, or you can even power miniature race cars using a mousetrap! In the Balloon Powered Car, we'll show you how to build a racer that uses the power of air pressure to roll across a room. Objectives: a. ) to create a balloon powered race car for maximum speed and distance b. ) to incorporate Newton's Laws of Motion Materials: Foam core or corrugated cardboard * Wooden barbeque skewers * Regular cardboard * Straws * Tape * Balloons * Scissors * Wire cutters Procedure: 1. ) Start off by cutting the chassis of your car. We don't condone the use of blow torches or saws during Sick Science experiments, so you have to create the chassis using scissors and foam core (corrugated cardboard works great, too). Cut a 6Ãâ€"3 inch piece of your chosen material using the scissors. 2. ) A car is nothing without axles. Given the size of your car, wooden barbeque skewers will make perfect axles. Use wire cutters to snip two 4†³ pieces of skewer. 3. You need to mount the axles to your chassis in a way that allows the axles to turn freely. For mounts, cut two 3†³ sections of straw and use tape to fix the mounts to the front and back (3†³ sides) of your chassis. 4. ) Now that you have axle mounts, mount your axles! Slide the wooden skewers through the middle of the straws. 5. ) Axles are great, but humans invented the wheel for a reason. The wheel was invented for use on the Balloon Powered Car! Use scissors to cut four quarter-sized pieces of regular cardboard. Similar essay: Vinegar Battery Conclusion If it helps, you can trace a quarter or circle of similar size to give yourself some guidelines. . ) Push the cardboard circles onto the skewers, one on each end of both skewers. Without needing lug nuts or a compression wrench, you've mounted your wheels. 7. ) Cut the mouth ring (the lip that you blow into) off of the balloon. This will allow for a better seal between the balloon and the exhaust pipe. 8. ) For the exhaust pipe, insert a straw approximately 1†³ into the balloon. Use tape to securely fasten the straw inside the balloon. The tighter the seal, the better your exhaust pipe is going to work, so make sure as little air as possible can escape. 9. Mount the exhaust pipe so that the point where the straw and balloon connect is about 1†³ from the end of your chassis. Taping it at this point is your best bet. Secure the straw so that it points straight out from the chassis. 10. ) Inflate the balloon and pinch the straw to keep air inside the balloon. Place the racer o n the ground and let it go! Conclusion : The concept behind the Balloon Powered Car is pretty simple, but that doesn't make it any less impressive! When you blow up the balloon, set your racer down, and let it go, escaping air from the balloon rushes out of the straw causing propulsion.The principle at work is Newton's Third Law of Motion, which states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. In the case of the Balloon Powered Car, the action is the air rushing from the straw. The reaction is the movement of the car! The moving Balloon Powered Car has kinetic energy, but even an object that isn't moving has energy. This energy is called potential energy. The potential energy of the car is in the elastic material of the balloon. As the balloon fills with air, it builds more potential energy. As the air flows from the balloon, it changes to kinetic energy. This is the conservation of energy.